A pouaka muka whatu, tae atu ki ngā mea e ruapouaka muka whatu o wahomepouaka muka whatu ā-rotongā tauira, ka huri i ngā tohu mārama mai ipouaka taura muka whatungā hononga ki ngā raraunga matihiko mō te whakamahi ipurangi. He rerekē ki ngā pouwhanga tuku iho, e tukatuka ana i ngā tohu hiko, ka tukuna e te hangarau muka whatu ngā tere ōrite tae atu ki te 25 Gbps,iti te whakaroa, me te tino pono.Ngā hononga hiku muka whatuhei whakaiti anō i te pokanoa me te haukoti, ka waiho te muka hei whiringa pai mō te ipurangi hou, tere-nui.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Ngā pouaka muka whatuWhakamahia ngā tohu mārama hei tuku ipurangi tino tere, pono hoki me ngā tere tae atu ki te 25 Gbps, he nui atu i ngā pouwhanga tuku iho e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tohu hiko me te tuku tere iti iho.
- Ka hurihia e ngā modem ngā raraunga matihiko hei tohu e tika ana mō ngā raina parahi, taura rānei, ka taea ai te uru atu ki te ipurangi engari he iti noa iho te tere, te tawhiti, me te whakaroa ki te whakatauritea kihangarau muka whatu.
- Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā pouaka muka whatu ka pai ake te haumarutanga, ka iti ake ngā reiti rahunga, ā, ka ātete hoki ki ngā whatunga ā muri ake nei, he mea tino pai mō ngā kāinga me ngā pakihi e rapu ana i te mahi teitei me te tauine.
Pouaka muka whatu: He aha te mea, me pēhea te mahi
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Mahi Matua
A pouaka muka whatuHe pokapū matua tēnei mō te whakahaere me te tiaki i ngā taura muka whatu i roto i ngā whatunga kāinga me ngā whatunga arumoni. Ka whakarite tēnei taputapu i ngā hononga taura, ka tiaki i ngā muka mai i ngā kino taiao me ngā kino miihini, ā, ka whakarite hoki i te tuku raraunga pumau, tere-teitei. Ka whakamahia e ngā pouaka muka whatu houngā hononga tere me ngā urutau whakapakekehei whakaiti i te ngaronga tohu, hei whakarato hononga tere, pono hoki. He maha ngā tauira he tohu ātete wai IP68, e whakamana ana i te roa o te ora i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua. Ka tautokohia hoki e ēnei pouaka te tauine whatunga, e āhei ai te whakawhānui ngāwari i te tipu haere o ngā tono ipurangi. Ka wehewehea e ngā wehewehe whatu i roto i te pouaka ngā tohu e haere mai ana, ka taea ai e te raina muka kotahi te mahi pai ki ngā kaiwhakamahi maha, ki ngā taputapu rānei. Ko ngā putanga pakitara muka whatu, he maha ngā wā kua whakauruhia ki ēnei pouaka, ka hono tika ki ngā taputapu kaiwhakamahi, ā, ka tukuna he raraunga tino tere me te iti o te pokanoa.
Kia mōhio: He mea nui te mahi a ngā pouaka muka whatu ki te whakapakari i ngā whatunga ā muri ake nei, nā reira he mea nui mō te ipurangi pono, tere hoki i roto i ngā kāinga, ngā pakihi, me ngā taiao ahumahi.
Te Hurihanga a te Pouaka Muka Whatu i ngā Tohu Mārama
Ka whakahaerehia e te pouaka muka whatu mā te whakahaere i te hurihanga me te tohatoha o ngā tohu mārama e kawe ana i ngā raraunga mā roto i ngā muka whatu. I te pito tuku, ka whakaputahia e ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā LED, i ngā taiaho taiaho rānei he pāorooro mārama mai i ngā tohu hiko. Ka haere ēnei pāorooro mā roto i te muka, e arahina ana e te whakaata ā-roto katoa, e pupuri ana i te ngaronga tohu kia tino iti. Ina tae te mārama ki te pouaka muka whatu, ka hurihia e ngā taiaho whakaahua te mārama ki ngā tohu hiko hei whakamahi mā ngā pouara, mā ētahi atu taputapu whatunga rānei. Ka pupuri ngā whakakaha i roto i te pūnaha i te kaha o te tohu i ngā tawhiti roa, e tautoko ana i te tuku raraunga puta noa i ngā tekau, i ngā rau rānei kiromita. Mā ngā hangarau whakarea-maha, pēnei i te whakarea-maha wehenga roangaru (WDM), ka taea te haere i ngā awa raraunga maha i te wā kotahi i runga i ngā roangaru rerekē, ka nui ake te whakanui ake i te whānui me te tere hononga. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau mara ka taea e ēnei pūnaha te tuku raraunga neke atu i te 150 kiromita mā te whakamahi i ngā roangaru maha, e whakaatu ana i te whai huatanga ongā pouaka muka whatuhei tautoko i ngā hononga ipurangi tere-tiketike, pono hoki.
Pouwhanga: Te Kaupapa me te Mahi
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Mahi Matua
He mea nui te mahi a te modem, he whakarāpopototanga mō te modulator-demodulator, i roto i te hononga ipurangi o ēnei rā. Ka hurihia e ia ngā raraunga matihiko mai i ngā rorohiko, i ngā pouara rānei hei tohu anaro ka taea te haere mā runga i ngā raina waea tuku iho. Ina tae mai ngā raraunga mai i te ipurangi, ka hurihia e te modem tēnei tukanga, ka hurihia ngā tohu anaro hei raraunga matihiko hei whakamahi mā ngā taputapu hono. I whakahaerehia ngā modem o mua i ngā tere tino iti, pērā i te 300 bits ia hekona, engari kua tino whanake te hangarau. Ka taea e ngā modem whānui o ēnei rā te eke ki ngā tere i roto i ngā rau megabits ia hekona. I roto, kei roto i te modem he kaiwhakahaere, he kaitahuri matihiko-ki-anaro me te anaro-ki-matihiko, me tētahi whakaritenga urunga raraunga. He rerekē ngā momo modem, tae atu ki ngā tauira waea-ake, raina rīhi, whānui, me ngā tauira pūmanawa. Ka mahi ia momo ki ngā hiahia whatunga motuhake me ngā reo ā-tinana.
Ngā Pouwhangahe mea nui tonu mō te hono i ngā kāinga me ngā pakihi ki te ipurangi, me te whakarerekē i ngā whakatakotoranga raraunga kia hototahi ki ngā momo ratonga rerekē.
- Ka honoa e ngā modem te āputa i waenga i te whatunga ā-rohe me te ipurangi mā te whakamaori i ngā tohu mai i te kaiwhakarato ratonga ipurangi (ISP) ki ngā raraunga ka taea e ngā pūrere te whakamahi.
- Ka tautokohia e rātou ngā momo pāpāho tinana rerekē, pērā i te DSL, te taura, te muka rānei, kia whānui ai te hototahitanga.
- Mā ngā modem ka taea te uru tika ki te ipurangi mā te hono i te tauwāhi o te kaiwhakamahi ki te hanganga o te ISP.
- He maha ngā modem hou e hono ana ki ngā pouara, e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere whatunga me te haumarutanga.
- Mā te whakakotahi i ngā taputapu modem-pouara ka māmā ake te tāutanga, ka pai ake hoki te pono mō ngā kaiwhakamahi.
- Ki te kore he modem, e kore e taea te uru tika ki te ipurangi.
Te Tukanga a te Pouwhanga i ngā Tohu Hiko
| Āhuatanga | Ngā Pouwhanga (Whakarerekētanga-Whakakoretanga) | Ngā Pouaka muka whatu (Ngā Tuku me ngā Kaiwhiwhi) |
|---|---|---|
| Mahi Tukatuka Tohu | Te whakarerekētanga me te tango i ngā tohu hiko mamati hei tohu e tika ana mō ngā pāpāho tuku hiko. | Ka hurihia e ngā tuku ngā tohu matihiko hiko hei tohu mārama kua whakarerekētia; ka hurihia e ngā kaiwhiwhi ngā tohu whatu hei tohu hiko. |
| Tikanga Whakarerekētanga | Te whakarerekētanga/te tango whakarerekētanga tohu hiko (hei tauira, te whakarerekētanga kaha, te whakarerekētanga auau rānei). | Te whakawhiti hiko-whatu: te whakarerekētanga o te kaha o te mārama mā te whakamahi i ngā LED, i ngā taiaho taiaho rānei; te hurihanga hiko-whatu mā te whakamahi i ngā taiaho whakaahua. |
| Ngā Wāhanga Matua | Ngā ara iahiko whakarerekē me ngā ara iahiko tango i ngā tohu hiko e whakahaere ana. | Tuku: Ngā rama LED, ngā rama taiaho rānei e whakarerekētia ana e ngā tohu hiko; Kaiwhiwhi: ngā rama whakaahua (PIN, APD rānei), ngā ātete pīrori, ngā whakakaha-mua haruru-iti. |
| Waenga Tohu | Ngā pāpāho tuku hiko (hei tauira, ngā waea parahi). | Ngā taura muka whatu e kawe ana i ngā tohu mārama kua whakarerekētia. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Whakarerekētanga | Ka whakarerekē i ngā ngaru kawe hiko hei tohu i ngā raraunga matihiko (0 me te 1). | Ka whakarerekē i te kaha o te mārama hei whakaatu i ngā raraunga mamati; Ka whakarato ngā LED i te urupare mana-iahiko rārangi, ka whakarato ngā taiaho taiaho i te mana me te tere teitei ake engari he āhuatanga kore-rārangi. |
| Ngā Tuhipoka Hītori/Hoahoa | Ngā taputapu paerewa e mahi ana i te whakarerekētanga/te tango whakarerekētanga. | He hoahoa ritenga ngā tuku raraunga o mua; ināianei he kōwae ranu me ngā ara iahiko whakauru me ngā diode whatu; i piki ake te uauatanga o te hoahoa me te tere o ngā raraunga. |
E whakaatu ana tēnei ripanga i ngā rerekētanga hangarau i waenga i te tukatuka tohu a ngā modem me ngā pouaka muka whatu. Ka arotahi ngā modem ki ngā tohu hiko me ngā waea parahi, ko ngā pouaka muka whatu ia ka whakahaere i ngā tohu mārama me ngā muka whatu.
Pouaka muka whatu me te pouwhanga: Ngā Rerekētanga Matua
Hangarau me te Momo Tohu
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā pouaka muka whatu me ngā modem ki ngā hangarau tino rerekē hei tuku raraunga. Ka whakahaere, ka whakarite hoki te pouaka muka whatu i ngā taura muka, kia mau ai ngā hononga me te iti o te ngaronga tohu. Kāore e huri i ngā tohu engari hei pūwāhi tohatoha mō ngā pāorooro mārama e haere ana i roto i ngā muka karāhe, kirihou rānei. He rerekē, ka mahi te modem hei piriti i waenga i ngā taputapu matihiko me te reo tuku. Ka huri i ngā tohu hiko matihiko mai i ngā rorohiko, i ngā pouara rānei hei tohu anaro, whatu rānei, i runga i te momo whatunga.
Ka whakamahia e te hangarau muka whatu ngā tohu mārama i hangaia e ngā LED, e ngā taiaho rānei. Ka haere ēnei pāoro mārama mā roto i ngā muka angiangi, ka whakarato i te whānui o te hononga me te ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko. Ka whakahaerehia e ngā modem, inā koa ko ērā i hangaia mō ngā whatunga muka, te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā tohu hiko me ngā tohu whatu. Ka whakamahia e rātou ngā tikanga whakarerekētanga hei whakawaehere raraunga ki ngā kaikawe mārama, hiko rānei. Ngā momo modem rerekē, pērā iE1, V35, RS232, RS422, me RS485, e tautoko ana i ngā tere me ngā tawhiti raraunga rerekē, e pai ai mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono whatunga.
Ko ngā pouaka muka whatu te kaiwhakahaere matua o ngā hanganga taura, ko ngā pouwhanga ia e mahi ana i te mahi nui o te hurihanga tohu. Nā tēnei rerekētanga e hanga ana i ō rātou tūranga i roto i ngā whatunga hou.
Tere me te Mahi
Ko te tere me te mahi ngā mea nui e rerekē ai ngā pouaka muka whatu me ngā pouwhanga tuku iho. Ka tautoko ngā pouaka muka whatu i te tuku raraunga i ngā tere tino teitei, tae atu ki te 25 Gbps, neke atu rānei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pāorooro mārama ka taea te whakawhiti raraunga tere, i te wā kotahi me te iti o te whakaroa. Ka taea e ngā taura muka whatu te kawe i ngā awa raraunga maha mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau pēnei i te whakarea wehenga roangaru, e whakanui ake ana i te kaha.
Ka pāngia ngā modem, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i ngā waea parahi, e ngā herenga o te tere me te tawhiti. Ka heke te tere o ngā tohu hiko i ngā tawhiti roa, ka iti ake te whānui o te hononga me te roa o te whakaroa. Ahakoa ngā modem taura matatau, kāore i te ōrite te tere o te tuku me te tango e whakaratohia ana e ngā pūnaha muka whatu. Ka taea e ngā pouaka muka whatu, pērā i ngā mea e tukuna ana e Dowell, te uru atu ki ngā pakihi me ngā kāinga.ngā hononga ipurangi tino teree tautoko ana i te roma ora, te petipeti, me ngā taupānga kapua me te kore e aukati.
| Āhuatanga | Pouaka muka whatu | Pouwhanga (Parahi/Taura) |
|---|---|---|
| Momo Tohu | Ngā pāorooro mārama | Ngā tohu hiko |
| Tere Nui | Tae atu ki te 25 Gbps+ | Tae atu ki te 1 Gbps (noa) |
| Whakaroa | Tino iti | Waenga ki te teitei |
| Tawhiti | 100+ kiromita | He iti (he torutoru kiromita) |
| Whānuitanga o te arai | Tino teitei | Waenga |
Haumarutanga me te Pono
He mea nui te haumarutanga me te pono i roto i ngā whakataunga hanganga whatunga. He kaha te tiaki a ngā pouaka muka whatu i te pokanoa hikohiko, e whakarite ana i te mahi pumau ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao he nui te haruru hiko. Nā ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā taura muka whatu ka uaua te pato me te kore e kitea, ka whakarei ake i te haumarutanga raraunga. He iti ake hoki ngā motumotu o ngā pūnaha muka whatu, ā, he iti ake te tiaki e hiahiatia ana ki te whakataurite ki ngā whatunga parahi.
Heoi, ka taea e te hoahoa taputapu o ngā pouaka muka whatu te whakaputa i te pokanoa hikohiko (EMI), inā koa i te taumata tiriti, i te taumata kāinga rānei. Tērā pea ka haere tēnei EMI mā roto i ngā waea parahi, ka pā ki ngā taputapu hiko tairongo. Ka aro atu ngā kamupene pēnei i a Dowell ki ēnei āwangawanga mā te hoahoa i ngā pouaka muka whatu me te parenga pai ake me te hanganga pakari, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga EMI me te whakarei ake i te pono whānui.
Mā ngā modem, inā koa ko ērā he āhuatanga matatau, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakahaere i ngā tukunga o te mara hikohiko (EMF). Mā ētahi tauira ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakakore i te Wi-Fi, te whakamahi rānei i ngā pouara iti-EMF, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te pānga o te auau reo irirangi i roto i te kāinga. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā modem taura te tuku mana whakahaere nui ake ki te kaiwhakamahi i runga i te EMF, kāore e taea e rātou te rite ki ngā painga haumarutanga me te pono o te hangarau muka whatu.
Tohutohu: Mō ngā kaiwhakamahi e rapu ana i te taumata teitei o te haumarutanga me te pono, ka whakaratohia e ngā pouaka muka whatu mai i ngā kaihanga rongonui pēnei i a Dowell he otinga ā-mua mō ngā whatunga kāinga me ngā whatunga pakihi.
Pouaka muka whatu me te pouwhanga i roto i ngā whakaritenga kāinga me te pakihi
Whakaurunga Whatunga Kāinga Noa
He maha ngā whatunga kāinga o ēnei rā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hanganga matatau hei tuku ipurangi tere, pono hoki ki ia rūma. He maha ngā whare e whakamahi ana i tēneingā taura muka whatu, pērā i te PureFiber PRO, kia eke ki te tere katoa o te modem puta noa i te kāinga. Mā tēnei huarahi ka whakakorea te whakaroa me te hekenga tere e puta pinepine ana me ngā taura CAT tuku iho. He maha ngā wā ka tāutahia e ngā kainoho ngā urutau muka-ki-Ipurangi 4-tauranga ki ngā wāhi noho, ka taea ai e ngā taputapu maha—pēnei i ngā pouaka whakaata atamai, ngā papatohu petipeti, ngā waea VOIP, me ngā pūwāhi urunga WiFi—te hono i te wā kotahi. Ka honoa ngātahitia e ētahi kāinga ēnei urutau ki roto i tētahi kāpata hiko, ka hangaia he pana maha-tauranga tauine hei whakawhānui ake i te heke mai.
He maha ngā kaihoahoa whatunga e whakamahi ana i ngā taura pakaru muka MPO ki LC, e whakarato ana i ētahi hononga muka motuhake mō ia taura. Mā tēnei tatūnga ka taea e ngā whatunga motuhake te mahi mai i te kāinga, te aunoatanga kāinga atamai, te tirotiro haumaru rānei mō ngā tamariki. Ka taea e ngā taputapu me ngā mokamoka SFP me te tautoko HDMI 2.1 te hono tika, ka taea ai te rere ataata 4K, 8K rānei kāore i te kōpeketia. Ka whai hua ngā kaipupuri whare mai i te tāutanga mono-ā-ringa, ngā pereti pakitara ngāwari, me ngā whakapainga taura ngāwari. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka whakarite kia nui te whānui o te hononga, kāore he whakaroa, ā, ka taea te whakarite mō ngā hiahia mamati e whanake haere ana.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Whatunga Pakihi
Me whai hanganga whatunga pakari, tauine, me te haumaru hoki ngā pakihi. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā whakahaere ngā pūrua whatunga whatu (ONT) hei huri i ngā tohu whatu ki ngā tohu hiko hei whakamahi i roto i ngā whatunga tari. He maha ngā tauranga Ethernet tere-teitei e tukuna ana e ngā ONT, te tautoko mō te VoIP, me ngā āhuatanga haumarutanga matatau pērā i te whakamunatanga AES. Ka hono ngā kamupene i ngā ONT ki ngā pouara tere-teitei me ngā pana Gigabit, ka tohatoha i te urunga ipurangi puta noa i ngā tari me ngā taputapu.
Kei raro nei te whakarāpopototanga o te whakaurunga hangarau:
| Āhuatanga | Pouaka muka whatu(Ngā ONT) | Ngā Pouwhanga |
|---|---|---|
| Mahi Matua | Te tahuritanga whatu-ki-hiko | Te tahuritanga tohu DSL/taura |
| Te Whakatutukitanga Paerewa | GPON, XGS-PON | Ngā paerewa DSL/taura |
| Whirihoranga Tauranga | He maha ngā tauranga Ethernet tere-teitei | Ngā tauranga Ethernet |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Haumarutanga | Whakamunatanga AES, manatoko | Taketake, rerekē i runga i te tauira |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Tāpiri | Pūrua pākahiko, VoIP, LAN ahokore | Te tahuritanga tohu taketake |
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau take i whakaitihia e ngā whakahaere pēnei i a Eurotransplant te utu katoa o te mana whakahaere mā te 40% mā te whakamahi i ngā otinga muka whatu mō ngā pokapū raraunga tino nui. Kua hangaia e ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga, pēnei i a Netomnia, he whatunga tauine e tautoko ana i te tipu 800G me te hangarau muka whatu matatau. E whakaatu ana ēnei tauira i te nekehanga mai i ngā modem tuku iho ki ngā otinga muka-pūnaha, e akiakihia ana e te hiahia mō te whānui o te hononga, te pono, me te hanganga rite mō te heke mai.
Te Kōwhiri i waenga i te Pouaka muka whatu me te Pouwhanga
Ngā Take hei Whakaaroaro: Tere, Kaiwhakarato, me te Hototahi
Ko te whiriwhiri i te taputapu tika mō te hononga ipurangi me arotake marie i ētahi āhuatanga. Ko te tere te mea nui mō te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakamahi. He nui ake te whānui o te hononga e tukuna ana e ngā pūnaha muka i ngā momo taura, DSL rānei. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā whatunga muka te whakarato i te whānui o te hononga ki runga ake tae atu ki te 40 Gb/s e tohaina ana i waenga i ngā kaiwhakamahi, ko ngā pūnaha taura e whakamahi ana i te DOCSIS 3.1 ka eke noa ki te 1 Gb/s. He rerekē hoki te roa o te hononga. He maha ngā wā ka mau tonu te roa o te hononga muka i raro i te 1.5 mirihekona, ahakoa i ngā tawhiti roa. I tētahi atu taha, ka pāngia pea ngā pūnaha taura e te roa o te hononga mai i te 2 ki te 8 mirihekona nā ngā tukanga tohatoha whānui. Ko te roa o te hononga me te roa o te hononga ka hua ake he wheako maeneene ake mō ngā mahi pēnei i te hui ataata, te petipeti ipurangi, me te mooni mariko.
He mea nui te mahi a ngā kaiwhakarato i roto i te whiriwhiri taputapu. Ka tukuna e ētahi kaikawe he taputapu ki ngā wāhi o te kiritaki, pērā i ngā pouwhanga, i ngā pouara rānei, me te kore utu tāpiri. E hiahiatia ana e ngā aratohu ture kia tutuki i ngā kaiwhakarato ngā paepae mahi tino pakari. Me eke te 80% o ngā inenga tere ki te 80% o ngā tere e hiahiatia ana, ā, me noho tonu te 95% o ngā inenga whakaroa ki te 100 mirihekona, ki raro iho rānei. Me whakahaere hoki e ngā kaiwhakarato ngā whakamātautau tere me te whakaroa i ngā hāora pīki hei whakarite i te mahi ōrite. Mā ēnei whakaritenga ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te whakataurite i te kounga ratonga puta noa i ngā kaiwhakarato rerekē.
Ko te hototahitanga tētahi atu āhuatanga nui. Kāore e pai te mahi a ngā taputapu katoa me ngā momo whatunga katoa. He rerekē ngā mahi a ngā kaitahuri pāpāho me ngā pouwhanga. Ka taea e ngā kaitahuri pāpāho te whakahaere i te whakawhiti tohu māmā i waenga i ngā tohu whatu me ngā tohu hiko, ko ngā pouwhanga ia ka whakahaere i te whakarerekētanga me te tango i ngā whakarerekētanga mō te whakawhitiwhiti matihiko. Me manatoko e ngā kaiwhakamahi kei te tautoko tā rātou taputapu i whiriwhiria i ngā kawa me ngā atanga e hiahiatia ana e tā rātou taiao whatunga.
| Tauwehenga | Ngā Pūnaha muka-pūmau | Ngā Pūnaha Taura/DSL |
|---|---|---|
| Whānuitanga Mōrahi | Tae atu ki te 40 Gb/s (e tohaina ana) | Tae atu ki te 1 Gb/s (DOCSIS 3.1) |
| Te Whakaroa Noa | < 1.5 ms | 2–8 ms |
| Tūranga Kaiwhakarato | He maha ngā wā ka tukuna te ONT/Roera | He maha ngā wā e tuku ana i te Modem/Router |
| Hototahitanga | Me hiahia he taputapu muka-rite | Me whai pouwhanga taura/DSL |
Tohutohu: Me whakaū tonu te hototahi o te taputapu ki tō kaiwhakarato ratonga ipurangi i mua i te hoko.
A pouaka muka whatue whakahaere ana i ngā raraunga mārama me ngā reiti rahunga iti iho i ngā pouwhanga, e whakaaturia ana i raro nei:
| Wāhanga | Te Auau o te Rahunga (Ia Tau) |
|---|---|
| Taura muka-whatu | 0.1% ia maero |
| Ngā Kaiwhiwhi Whatu | 1% |
| Ngā Tukunga Whatu | 1.5–3% |
| Ngā Pūrua/Modem Tautuhi Runga | 7% |
Ka whai hua te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakamahi i te tere, te pono, me te hoahoa ā-mua o tētahipouaka muka whatu.
Nā: Eric
Waea: +86 574 27877377
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Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-08-2025