Ngā Taura Whatu Muka i roto i te Hinu me te Hau: Te Whakarite i te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Pono

He mea nui ngā taura muka whatu mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pono i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau. Ka whakaratohia e rātou he whānui o te hononga, he ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko, ā, ka tukuna ngā raraunga i ngā tawhiti roa i roto i ngā taiao uaua. Ka aro tika tēnei ki te hiahia nui mō te whakawhiti raraunga pakari. Ka taea e ngā raruraru whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te arahi ki ngā mate pūtea nui, ka taea te utu i ngā tekau mano ia kaimahi i ia tau.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ngā taura muka whatuHe mea tino nui mō te hinu me te hau. Ka tere te tuku raraunga, ā, ka pai te mahi i ngā wāhi uaua.
• Mā ēnei taura ka noho haumaru ngā kaimahi. Ka whakarite hoki kia pai te haere o ngā mahi hinu me te hau.
• Mā ngā muka whatu ka āwhina i te kimi hinu me te hau. Ka tirohia hoki e rātou ngā paipa me te whakahaere i ngā mīhini mai i tawhiti.

Ngā Wero Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Motuhake i roto i ngā Mahi Hinu me te Hau

Ngā Taiao Whakahaere Kino mō te Taura Muka Whatu

Ka puta ngā mahi hinu me te hau i roto i ētahi o ngā taiao tino uaua o te ao. Me tu atu ngā taputapu, tae atu ki ngā hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka mahi ngā taura muka whatu i ngā pāmahana mai i te -40°C ki te +85°C. Ka taea e ngā taura motuhake te tu atu ki ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 500°C, ā, ko ētahi muka whatu ka tu atu ki te 1000°C. Ka pāngia hoki ēnei taura e te pēhanga nui, i hangaia hei tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga hyperbaric tae atu ki te 5000 bar. He mea nui tēnei pakari mō te whakawhiti raraunga pono i roto i ngā koraha, i ngā rohe arctic, me ngā whakaurunga moana hohonu. Ka whakaratohia e Dowell ngā otinga mō ēnei taiao uaua.

Ngā Mahi Mamao me te Tohatoha e Hiahia Ana ki te Taura Muka Whatu

He maha ngā wā kei ngā wāhi tūmatanui, motuhake, tawhiti atu i ngā pokapū tāone nui ngā whakaurunga hinu me te hau. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka toro atu ngā paipa ki ngā mano maero puta noa i ngā kawanatanga, i ngā whenua rānei. Me whai otinga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pakari mō ngā tawhiti tawhiti tēnei horapa whenua whānui. He maha ngā wā me whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngā tohunga ki ngā kaimahi o te mara i ngā rau maero te tawhiti, tae atu ki ngā wāhi rerekē o te ao. Me whai hononga pono hoki ngā papaaho me ngā taputapu keri moana, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi mō te wātea puta noa i te ao. Nā tēnei āhua tohatoha ka uaua te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

Te Hiranga o te Tuku Raraunga Wā-tūturu mā te Taura Muka Whatu

He mea nui te tuku raraunga wā-tūturu mō te haumaru me te whai huatanga o ngā mahi hinu me te hau. Ka aroturukihia e ngā pūnaha whakahaere ngā tukanga nui, me te hiahia urupare tonu. Hei tauira, i tutuki i tētahi pūnaha aroturuki pēhanga whakamātautau he 150 ms te roanga o te whakaroa, e tutuki ai ngā hiahia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-umanga wā-tūturu. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia e ngā pūnaha haumaru-nui o ēnei rā he tere ake ngā urupare, i ētahi wā ka hiahiatia he whakaroa iti iho i te mirihekona. Mā tēnei rere raraunga tere ka taea te whakatau tere, ā, ka ārai i ngā tūponotanga kino. Ko te pono oTaura muka whatukia nekehia ai ēnei raraunga nui me te kore e haukotia.

Ngā Painga Matua o ngā Taura Muka Whatu mō te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Hinu me te Hau

Teitei o te Whatunga Ipurangi me te Pūmanawa Raraunga o te Taura Muka Whatu

He nui ngā raraunga e whakaputaina ana e te umanga hinu me te hau, mai i ngā rangahau ru whenua ki te aroturuki puna i te wā tūturu. E hiahiatia ana he hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e kaha ana ki te whakahaere i ngā rahinga raraunga nui i ngā tere teitei.Ngā taura muka whatuHe tino pai tēnei i tēnei āhuatanga, e tuku ana i te whānui o te hononga me te kaha raraunga teitei ake i ngā taura parahi tuku iho. E tautoko ana rātou i ngā tere o te 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, me te 100 Gbps, me te pikinga o ngā āheinga ki te 400 Gbps me tua atu. Tērā pea ka eke ngā kaha o te heke mai ki ngā terabits ia hekona (Tbps).

Mā tēnei kaha nui ka taea te whakawhiti raraunga whai hua mō ngā mahi uaua, ka taea ai te tātari tere me te whakatau kaupapa.

Te Ārai i te Whakararuraru Hikohiko (EMI) me te Taura Muka Whatu

Kī tonu ngā taiao hinu me te hau i ngā pūtake o te pokanoa hikohiko (EMI), pērā i ngā motuka kaha, ngā whakaputa hiko, me ngā raina hiko ngaohiko teitei. Ka taea e ēnei te whakararuraru nui i ngā tohu hiko e haria ana e ngā taura parahi, ka arahi ki te pirau raraunga me te korenga o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Heoi, kāore ngā taura muka whatu e pāngia e te EMI. He rauemi dielectric ēnei, ā, he mahi koretake, ko te tikanga kāore e hiahiatia he hiko i te wāhi e kitea ana. Mā tēnei hoahoa ā-roto ka ārai i te hekenga o te tohu mai i:

• Te pokanoa o te pāorooro auau-iti (LPI)
• Te pokanoa o te raina hiko (PLI)

Mā te wehewehe hiko me te kore e hiahiatia he mana hiko i te pane o te pūoko ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te pakaru ina pāngia e ngā wai kawe hiko pēnei i te wai, i ngā wai puna rānei. Mā tēnei ārai mate ka pumau, ka pono hoki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā taiao haruru hiko.

Tuku Tawhiti-Roa me te Ngaronga Iti rawa mā te whakamahi i te Taura Muka Whatu

He maha ngā tawhiti e horahia ana e ngā mahi hinu me te hau, mai i ngā whatunga paipa whānui ki ngā papaaho tawhiti i tai. He wero nui te tuku raraunga pono i runga i ēnei rohe roa mō ngā tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tuku iho. Ka tukuna e ngā taura muka whatu ngā tohu mārama me te iti o te whakaiti, ka taea ai e rātou te hipoki i ngā tawhiti roa me te kore e hiahiatia he whakanui tohu auau. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei āheinga te uaua o ngā hanganga me ngā utu tiaki, ka pai ai mō te hono i ngā rawa me ngā pokapū whakahaere kua horapa whānuitia.

Haumaru me te Haumarutanga Whakapai ake me te Taura Muka Whatu

He mea nui te haumaru i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao he hau mura me he wai. Kāore he au hiko e haria ana e ngā taura muka whatu, ā, ka whakakorea te mōrearea o ngā mura, ngā hiko poto rānei ka mura ai ngā hau pahū. Nā tēnei ka haumaru ake ai te whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā wāhi morearea. Hei tāpiri, ka nui ake te haumarutanga o te whakawhitiwhitinga muka whatu. He tino uaua te uru atu ki tētahi raina muka whatu me te kore e kitea, ka whakaratohia he hongere haumaru mō ngā raraunga mahi tairongo, ā, ka ārai i te urunga kore mana.

Te Pakari me te Roa o te Taura Muka Whatu

Ko ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao hinu me te hau e hiahia ana ki ngā taputapu tino pakari. He mea hanga ngā taura muka whatu kia tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino kino, ngā pēhanga teitei, me ngā matū waikura e kitea ana i roto i ngā tono o raro moana me raro poka. Hei tauira, ko te roa o te hoahoa o ngā taura raro moana tawhiti neke atu i te 25 tau. Ko ngā pūnaha o raro moana, tae atu ki ngā taura, kua hangaia kia angitu te mahi mō te iti rawa o te 25 tau i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao tino kino. Ahakoa he pakari te roa o te oranga o te mea hanga, ko te tātari i ngā taura kua whakahokia mai i te tau 2010 e tohu ana i te roa o te oranga ōhanga toharite o te 17 tau. Ko ngā kamupene pēnei i a Dowell e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei hanganga nui mā te whakarato i ngā otinga muka whatu pakari me te roa e hāngai ana mō ēnei āhuatanga uaua. Ko tō rātou manawanui ka whakarite i te mahi pumau me te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā whakakapinga auau, ka whai wāhi ki te haere tonu o te mahi me te penapena utu.

Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Taura Muka Whatu i roto i te Hinu me te Hau

Te Aroturuki me te Pūrongo i te Runga o te Pōka me te Taura Muka Whatu

Ngā taura muka whatuHe mahi nui tā ēnei pūoko i roto i te aroturuki me te kite i raro i te poka, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i te hohonu o ngā puna hinu me te hau. Ka tukuna e ēnei pūoko te tika me te pono tino pai i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Ka whakamahia e ngā miihini ngā momo pūoko muka whatu hei aroturuki i ngā tawhā nui pēnei i te pāmahana me te pēhanga.

Ko ngā momo pūoko muka whatu noa ko:

• Te marara Raman (e whakamahia ana i roto i te DTS)He tairongo tēnei tikanga ki ngā taunekeneke phonon i puta mai i te pāmahana. He mea whakamahi noa mō te Pūoko Pāmahana Tohatoha (DTS).
• Te marara brillouin (e whakamahia ana i roto i te DSS me te DTS)Ka aro atu tēnei tikanga ki te taumahatanga me te pāmahana mā te tātari nekehanga auau. Ka kitea te whakamahinga i roto i te Pūrongo Taumahatanga Tohatoha (DSS) me te Pūrongo Pāmahana Tohatoha (DTS).

Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā pūoko pēhanga motuhake ngā muka whatu:

• Pūoko Pēhanga FBGHe kiato ēnei pūoko, ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko, ā, he haumaru hoki. Ka tukuna e rātou ngā āheinga pūoko tohatoha. Kua inehia e ngā pūoko FBG ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei (tae atu ki te 400 °C me te 100 MPa). Ka mahi pūmau rātou i roto i ngā taiao o raro i te poka (hei tauira, 0-150 °C me te 0-80 MPa) me te aro nui ki te pēhanga, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga tika mō te whakamahinga o raro i te poka.
• Pūoko Pēhanga LPFGKa mahi ngā pūoko muka whatu roa mā te whakarerekētanga taupū whakaata ā-wā. Mā tēnei ka taea te hono tahi i te mārama. He tino tairongo ō rātou roangaru whakaata ki ngā huringa o te pāmahana me te taupū whakaata o waho, ā, he pai mō te ine pēhanga.

Kei te ripanga i raro nei e whakarāpopoto ana i ngā momo pūoko muka whatu matua me ā rātou whakamahinga:

Te Tūhuratanga Ru me te Kohi Raraunga mā te whakamahi i te Taura muka whatu

Ko te tūhuratanga rū whenua e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te kohikohi raraunga tika hei mahere i ngā hanganga whenua o raro i te mata. Ka whakarei ake ngā taura muka whatu i tēnei tukanga. Ka tukuna e rātou he nui ngā raraunga rū whenua mai i ngā huinga pūoko ki ngā wae tukatuka me te pono me te tere. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā geophone tuku iho e te pokanoa hikohiko me te hekenga tohu i ngā tawhiti roa. Heoi, ka whakaratohia e ngā pūoko muka whatu ngā tohu mārama, kore pokanoa. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te hanga whakaahua tika ake o ngā puna wai o raro i te whenua, ka hua ake he rautaki keri me te whakaputa pai ake. Ko te āhua pakari o ēnei taura ka whakarite hoki i te mahi pono i roto i ngā āhuatanga parae uaua.

Ngā Whatunga Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Pūhara me ngā Rig me te Taura Muka Whatu

Me whai whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pakari, pono hoki ngā papaaho me ngā waka hinu me te hau o waho. Ka hono ēnei whatunga i ngā kaimahi, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me ngā pokapū raraunga. Ko ngā taura muka whatu te pou tuarā o ēnei hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nui.

Ko ngā hoahoa whatunga noa e whakatinanahia ana i runga i ngā tūāpapa ko:

• Hanganga taumata-toruKei roto i tēnei hoahoa ngā paparanga matua, te tohatoha, me te urunga. Ka whakarite pai i te whatunga. Ka whakahaere te paparanga matua i ngā raraunga tere-teitei, ka whakahaere te paparanga tohatoha i ngā waka, ā, ka hono te paparanga urunga i ngā taputapu mutunga.
• Tuarā muka whatuKa whakamahia ngā taura muka whatu hei whakapai ake i te tere me te pono o te tuku raraunga. Ka ātete hoki ki te pokanoa hikohiko me te whānui o te hononga.
• Hononga ahokoreKei roto i tēnei ngā hangarau pēnei i te Wi-Fi me ngā hononga amiorangi. Ka whakaratohia he ngāwari me te nekenekehanga mō ngā kaimahi i runga i te tūāpapa.
• Rorohiko tahaKa whakaitihia te hiahia ki te tuku raraunga katoa ki ngā pokapū raraunga o uta. Ka whakapai ake i te pai o te tukatuka raraunga, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakaroa mō ngā tono tairongo-wā.

Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakarei ake ngā otinga hononga matatau i ngā mahi taiwhenua:

• Whatunga muka whatu raro moana tino tereMā tēnei ka taea te uru atu ki te whānui o te whatunga. Ka taea te tere ake te whakatau, te whakapiki ake i te pai o te mahi, te whakapai ake i te haumaru, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere. Kāore e whakaroa i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi tuku iho.
• Whatunga 4G LTE o wahoKa whakawhānui ake tēnei i te whānuitanga o te whatunga ki ngā waka me ngā waka nekeneke me ngā waka hurihuri. Ka tukuna he hononga whakawhitiwhiti pono ahakoa ngā āhuatanga huarere uaua. Ka aro atu tēnei ki ngā herenga o te roa o te whakaroa me te whānui o te whānui i roto i ngā kōwhiringa amiorangi.
• Hononga hononga reo irirangi pūwāhi-ki-pūwāhiHe whai hua tēnei hangarau kua whakamātauhia ina uaua, ina utu nui rānei te taura muka. He nui te kaha, he iti te whakaroa, ā, he tino pono hoki. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere hei hono i ngā papaaho tai whenua pumau.

Te Aroturuki i ngā Paipa me te Kimi i ngā Tūmomo Tūmomo mā te Taura muka whatu

Ka haria te hinu me te hau e ngā paipa puta noa i ngā tawhiti whānui, ā, he mea nui te aroturuki tonu mō te haumaru me te tiaki taiao. He otinga matatau ngā taura muka whatu mō te aroturuki i ngā paipa me te kimi turuturu. Ka kitea e ngā pūnaha Tirohanga Oro Tohatoha (DAS), e whakamahi ana i ngā muka whatu, ngā wiri iti i te taha o te paipa. Ka taea e ēnei wiri te tohu i ngā turuturu, ngā pokanoa, ētahi atu āhuatanga rerekē rānei.

Ka kitea e ngā pūnaha pūoko oro muka whatu tohatoha (DAS) ngā wiri paipa ngoikore i puta mai i te turuturu. I roto i ngā whakamātautau, ko te turuturu iti rawa i kitea angitu (1 mm i te 5 pae) i rite ki te tere turuturu tata ki te 0.14% o te rere o te rōrahi. Ko te nuinga o ngā pūnaha kimi turuturu noa kāore e taea te whakatutuki i tēnei uara. Ka kitea e tēnei huarahi, ā, ka kitea ngā turuturu paipa hau me ngā tere kei raro iho i te 1% o te rōrahi rere o te paipa.

E whakaatu ana ngā pūnaha DAS i te tino tika ki te tautuhi i ngā kaupapa o te paipa:

Mā tēnei taumata teitei o te tika ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te tautuhi me te whakatika wawe i ngā take ka pā mai, ā, ka ārai i ngā kino nui ki te taiao me ngā mate ōhanga.

Ngā Pokapū Whakahaere me te Whakahaere Mamao e Whakakahangia ana e te Taura Muka Whatu

Kei te piki haere te whakawhirinaki o te umanga hinu me te hau ki ngā mahi mamao me ngā pokapū whakahaere pokapū. Ka whakahaerehia e ēnei whakaurunga ngā rawa whānui mai i te wāhi kotahi. He mea nui ngā taura muka whatu hei hono i ēnei wāhi mamao ki ngā pokapū whakahaere. Ka whakaratohia e rātou te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whānui-rahi, iti-roa e tika ana mō te whakawhiti raraunga wā-tūturu me te whakahaere mamao o ngā taputapu. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te aroturuki i te whakaputanga, te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā, me te urupare ki ngā aituā mai i ngā rau, i ngā mano maero rānei te tawhiti. Ko te pono me te tere o ngā whatunga muka whatu e tautoko ana i te huringa mamati o te umanga, e whakarei ake ana i te whai huatanga o te mahi, e whakaiti ana i ngā whakaritenga kaimahi i te papaanga, me te whakapai ake i te haumaru whānui.

Ngā Wero me te Tirohanga ā-Mārama mō ngā Taura muka whatu

Ngā Whakaaro mō te Tāutanga me te Tiaki mō te Taura Muka Whatu

Te whakatinanatangangā taura muka whatuHe wero motuhake kei roto i te umanga hinu me te hau. He maha ngā wā ka tāutahia ki ngā taiao tawhiti, uaua, e hiahiatia ana he taputapu motuhake me ngā kaimahi tino whakangungua. Hei tauira, ko ngā tāutanga o raro i te moana e hiahia ana ki ngā tikanga whakatakoto tika me te tiaki pakari mai i ngā āhuatanga o te moana. Ko te pupuri i ēnei whatunga uaua me tirotiro tonu me te whakatika tere kia mau tonu ai te mahi. Me whakamahere ngā kamupene mō ēnei uauatanga whakahaere kia nui ake ai te wā mahi o te pūnaha.

Tātaritanga Utu-Painga o te Whakatakotoranga Taura Muka Whatu

Ko te haumitanga tuatahi mōtaura muka whatuHe nui te hanganga. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā utu mō ngā taura motuhake, te tāutanga, me te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha o nāianei. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake ngā painga mō te wā roa i ēnei whakapaunga o mua. He pai ake te pono o ngā pūnaha muka whatu, he nui ake te kaha raraunga, me ngā utu whakahaere iti iho i ngā otinga parahi tuku iho. Ko te roa o te ora me te iti o ngā hiahia tiaki ka whai wāhi ki ngā penapena nui i roto i te wā. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei whiringa whai hua mō ngā mahi hinu me te hau nui.

Ngā Hangarau Hou me ngā Auahatanga o te Whakamahinga Taura Muka Whatu

Ko te heke mai o ngā muka whatu i roto i te hinu me te hau e uru ana ki te auahatanga tonu i roto i ngā rauemi me ngā āheinga pūoko. Ka whakawhanakehia e ngā kaihanga ngā rauemi matatau pēnei i ngā muka ārai, ātete ahi, me ngā muka tiaki-UV kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa pakari mō ngā taiao uaua. Ka whakapai ake te hangarau paninga waro i te mahi mā te paparanga waro pakari. Ka mahi tēnei paparanga hei ārai i te horapa hauwai, ka whakarite i te mahi i raro i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ko ngā hoahoa Taura Muka Whatu Motuhake he pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe teitei me te whakaaetanga hau iti a NASA. Ka pai ēnei taura ki ngā tono pāmahana teitei pēnei i ngā oumu ahumahi me ngā pūnaha rererangi. Ka whakaatu hoki i te pakari tino pai i roto i ngā taiao waikura pēnei i ngā tipu matū me ngā papa hinu moana. Ka whai wāhi a Dowell ki ēnei whanaketanga, ka whakarato otinga mō ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Ko ngā au hou ko te whanaketanga o ngā taura pakari me te ātete pāmahana teitei. Kei roto hoki i ēnei ko te whakaurunga o ngā pūoko muka whatu mō te aroturuki me te whakahaere i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino.

He mea nui ngā taura muka whatu mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pono, mahi-teitei i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau. Ka whakatairanga i te whai huatanga o te mahi, ka whakarei ake i te haumaru, ā, ka tautoko i te panonitanga mamati. Ka angitu ēnei taura ki te wikitoria i ngā wero taiao me ngā wero whakahaere ahurei. Ko ngā kamupene pēnei i a Dowell (https://www.fiberopticcn.com/about-us/) e whakarato ana i ngā hanganga nui, e whai wāhi nui ana ki tēnei rāngai nui.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te mea e pai ai ngā taura muka whatu mō ngā mahi hinu me te hau?

Ngā taura muka whatuHe nui te whānui o te hononga, he ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko, me te tuku raraunga tawhiti. Ka whakaratohia hoki e rātou he haumaru me te pakari ake i roto i ngā taiao uaua.

Me pēhea te āwhina a ngā taura muka whatu ki te aroturuki i ngā paipa?

Mā te Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) ka kitea ngā wiri iti i te taha o ngā paipa. Mā tēnei ka kitea ngā turuturu, ngā pokanga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga rerekē me te tino tika.

Ka taea e ngā taura muka whatu te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino kino i roto i ngā tono poka raro?

Ae, ka taea e ngā taura me ngā pūoko muka whatu motuhake te tu atu ki ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 500°C, ko ētahi muka whatu ka roa tae atu ki te 1000°C. Mā tēnei ka taea te aroturuki pono i raro i te poka.