Ngā Āpiti muka whatu e ārai ana i te ahiāwhina i ngā whare arumoni kia tutuki i ngā ture haumaru ahi tino pakari. Ko ēnei whare ārai, tae atu kiKatinga o te Hononga Muka WhatumeKatinga Hononga Poutū, ārai i te ahi kei horapa mā roto i ngā ara taura. AWāhi Muka Whatu 3 Ara or Katinga Hononga Whakaiti-wera Poutūka tiaki hoki i ngā taputapu whatunga me te pupuri i ngā ārai ahi kia kaha.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Ka tiakina ngā whare e ngā ārai muka whatu e whakamanahia ana e te ahi mā te aukati i te horapa o te ahi, te paoa, me te wera mā ngā ara taura, ā, ka āwhina i te whakatutuki i ngā ture haumaru ahi tino pakari.
- Ko te whiriwhiri i te wāhi tika ko te whakataurite i ngā whakatauranga ātete ahi, ngā tiwhikete, me ngā rauemi ki te taiao me ngā whakaritenga ture o te whare.
- Mā te tāutanga tika, te tapanga, me te tiaki auau ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, me te tiaki hoki i ngā hanganga whatunga nui mō te wā roa.
Ngā Whare Muka Whatu Whakatauranga-Ahi: Te Whakamārama me te Tūranga
He aha ngā Whare Whatu Muka Ārai-Ahi?
Ngā Āpiti muka whatu e ārai ana i te ahihei whare tiaki mō ngā taura muka whatu i roto i ngā whare arumoni. Ka hoahoahia ēnei whare e ngā kaihanga kia tū atu ki ngā pāmahana tiketike, kia ārai hoki i te haere o te mura, te wera, me te paowa. Mā te hiri i ngā urunga taura ki roto i ngā pakitara, ngā papa, me ngā tuanui kua whakatauria he ātete ahi, ka āwhina ēnei whare ki te pupuri i te pono o ngā ārai ahi. Ko ngā hua motuhake, pērā i ngā poraka intumescent me ngā mono tiaki ahi, ka aro ki ngā ara taura kāore i te rite, he uaua rānei ki te tae atu. Ka whakapakarihia e ēnei otinga te pakitara maroke, te raima rānei kua pakaru, ka noho tonu te ahi me te paowa ki roto i ngā wāhanga kua tohua. Ka roa ake te wā whakawātea i tēnei ārai, ā, ka whakawhāiti i te horapa o te ahi, he mea nui tēnei mō te haumaru o te hunga noho.
Te Hiranga mō te Whakatutukitanga o ngā Ture mō ngā Whare Pakihi
Me tutuki ngā whare arumoni i ngā ture haumaru ahi tino pakari. He mea nui te mahi a ngā Whare Whatu Muka Whakatauranga Ahi ki te whakatutuki i ēnei whakaritenga. Ka pā mai pea ngā hua kino ki te kore e tutuki i ngā ture:
- Ngā kereme inihua kua whakakahoretia mō ngā mate e pā ana ki te ahi
- Te pikinga o ngā utu inihua i muri i ngā tirotirohanga
- Ngā herenga kapinga, ngā whakakorenga rānei
- Te whakakorenga kaupapa here pea mō ngā takahi nui
- Ngā whiu me ngā whiu mai i ngā tari whakahaere ture, i ngā kaiwhakahaere ahi rānei
- Ngā ota whakatikatika e aukati pea i ngā mahi pakihi
- Ngā utu whakatikatika ohorere e nui ake ana i ngā tahua kua whakaritea
- Te kino o te ingoa pai ka roa pea i tua atu i te wā whakatikatika
Ka taea e ngā tatau ahi me ngā arai kāore e tutuki ana ngā whakaritenga te whakapiki ake i te utu mō ngā kino ahi toharite mā te tata ki37% i roto i ngā tautuhinga arumoni, e ai ki ngā raraunga NFPA. Ka taea e ngā mana whakahaere te whakatakoto whiu, te whiu, te mahi ture rānei. He pai te titiro a ngā kaiwhakarato inihua ki te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, ka taea ai te whakaiti i ngā utu me ngā mōrearea nama. Ka āwhina ngā Āpiti muka whatu kua whakatauria ki te ahi i ngā kaipupuri whare kia karo i ēnei mōrearea me te tiaki i te tangata me te taonga.
Ngā Wāhi Muka Whatu Whakatauranga-Ahi: Ngā Paerewa Haumaru Ahi me ngā Tiwhikete
Ngā Whakaritenga o te Ture 770 a te NEC me te NFPA 70
Nā te Ture Hiko ā-Motu (NEC) Tuhinga 770 me te NFPA 70 i whakatakoto te turanga mō te haumaru ahi i roto i ngā whakaurunga muka whatu. E hiahiatia ana e ēnei waehere kia kaua ngā Whare Muka Whatu me ngā taura e whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te ahi, te horapa rānei o te paoa i roto i te whare. Me ārai e ngā kaiwhakauru ngā urunga katoa mā roto i ngā pakitara, ngā papa, me ngā tuanui e whakatauria ana e te ahi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga kua whakaaetia. Mā tēnei ka tiakina te whakatauranga ātete ahi o ia ārai. Me tāuta haumaru ngā taura, me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hei karo i te kino. I roto i ngā wāhi whakahaere hau, me iti ngā āhuatanga tuku paoa me te wera o ngā here taura kore-whakarewa.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga matua o te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ko te whiriwhiri i te momo taura tika mō ia taiao whare. Ka whakarōpūhia e te NEC ngā taura muka whatu mā ō rātou ātete ahi me ngā āhuatanga paowa. Kei te ripanga i raro nei e whakarāpopoto ana ko ēhea momo taura e whakaaetia ana i roto i ngā wāhi motuhake:
| Momo Taura | Te Runanga Nui | Kaiwhakaara | Whakamahinga Whānui | Ngā awaawa/Ngā ara reihi | Ngā pou |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OFNP/OFCP | Y* | Y* | Y* | Y* | Y* |
| OFNR/OFCR | N | Y* | Y* | Y* | Y* |
| OFNG/OFCG | N | N | Y* | N | N |
| OFN/OFC | N | N | Y* | N | N |
Ye tohu ana i te whakamahinga kua whakaaetia, kei raro i ngā herenga o ngā wāhanga NEC 770.110 me 770.113.
Me tutuki i ngā taura pono o te ara iahiko (CI) e whakamahia ana mō ngā pūnaha nui te whakatauranga ahi e rua hāora te roa, kua whakamatautauria kia rite ki te ANSI/UL 2196. E hangai ana ēnei whakaritenga ki ngā paerewa whakamātautau ahi tāpiri, pērā i te NFPA 262 me te UL 1685. Ka whakaratohia e DowellNgā Āpiti muka whatu e ārai ana i te ahie tutuki ana i ēnei paerewa pakari, e tautoko ana i ngā whakaurunga haumaru, e tutuki ana hoki i ngā ture i roto i ngā whare arumoni.
Ngā Tiwhikete UL, IEC, me ANSI
Mā ngā tiwhikete mai i ngā whakahaere pēnei i te UL (Underwriters Laboratories), te IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), me te ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ka whakamanahia te mahi ahi o ngā pouaka muka whatu. Hei tauira, mā te tiwhikete UL ka whakaū kua paahitia e ngā pouaka me ngā taura ngā whakamātautau ātete ahi me ngā whakamātautau tukunga paowa. Ko ngā paerewa IEC, tae atu ki te IEC 60332 me te IEC 61034, e aro ana ki te horapa mura me te matotoru paowa mō ngā taura muka whatu. Ko ngā paerewa ANSI, pēnei i te ANSI/UL 2196, ka whakatakoto i ngā paearu mō te pono o te ara iahiko i te wā e pāngia ana e te ahi.
Ko ngā kaihanga pēnei i a Dowell e hoahoa ana, e whakamātautau ana hoki i ā rātouNgā Āpiti muka whatu e ārai ana i te ahikia tutuki, kia hipa rānei i ēnei tiwhikete. Me manatoko tonu e ngā kaipupuri whare me ngā kaimahi kirimana kei ngā hua ngā rārangi me ngā tohu e tika ana. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia mahi ngā whare kua tīpakohia kia rite ki te mea e hiahiatia ana i te wā o te ahi, ā, kia tutuki hoki ngā whakaritenga tirotiro.
Te Tikanga Whaihua o te Whakatutukitanga
Mā te tutuki i ngā paerewa me ngā tiwhikete haumaru ahi ka puta he painga tūturu mō ngā whare arumoni. Mā te tāuta tika me te whai tiwhikete o ngā Āpiti muka whatu kua whakamanahia mō te ahi ka āwhina i te pupuri i te pono o ngā ārai ahi, te whakawhāiti i te horapa o te mura me te paowa, me te tiaki i ngā hanganga whatunga nui. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia e ngā kaiinihua kia tuhia te tutuki i mua i te whakaputa, te whakahou rānei i ngā kaupapa here. Ka whakahaerehia pea e ngā tari whakahaere he tirotiro hei manatoko kei te tutuki ngā urunga taura me ngā āpiti katoa i ngā whakaritenga ture.
Ko ngā panonitanga hou o te NEC e whakaata ana i ngā mahi tonu ki te whakahaere me te whakamārama i ngā ture haumaru ahi. Mā te whakahoutanga o te NEC o te tau 2026 ka nekehia ngā ihirangi o te Tuhinga 770 ki roto i ngā tuhinga hou i roto i te wāhanga pūnaha pūngao-iti. Kāore tēnei panonitanga whakahaere e whakarerekē i ngā whakaritenga matua mō ngā whare herehere ahi-whakatau engari e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te noho hou ki ngā waehere e whanake haere ana. Kei te whakapau kaha tonu a Dowell ki te whakarato i ngā otinga hou hei āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te whakatutuki me te pupuri i te tutuki i ngā ture.
Tohutohu: Arotakehia ngā whakahoutanga waehere me ngā tiwhikete hua i ia wā, i ia wā, kia mau tonu ai te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, kia kore ai hoki e nui te utu, e utua rānei ngā whiu.
Ngā Wāhi Muka Whatu Whakatauranga-Ahi: Ngā Rauemi me te Hanganga
Ngā Rauemi Ātete-Ahi (Plenum, PVC/Riser, LSZH)
Ka tīpakohia e ngā kaihanga ngā rauemi mō ngā ārai muka whatu i runga i te ātete ahi me ngā whakaritenga haumaru. He rerekē ngā whakatauranga ahi o ia rauemi, o ia rauemi, arā, ko te Plenum, te PVC/riser, me te LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen).Ngā taura kua whakatauria e te plenum, kua tohua hei OFNP, e whakarato ana i te ātete mura teitei rawa atu, ā, he mea nui hoki i roto i ngā wāhi whakahaere hau. Ka whakamahia e ēnei taura ngā rauemi pēnei i te fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP) me te PVC motuhake rānei, e whakawhāiti ana i te horapa o te mura, ā, he iti noa iho te paowa e puta. Kāore he halogen i roto i ngā taura LSZH, nō reira he iti noa iho te paowa e tukuna ana, ā, kāore he hau paitini i te wā e tahuna ana. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka pai te LSZH mō ngā wāhi kuiti, ngā wāhi tūmatanui rānei e nui ai te mōrearea o te manawa paowa. He pai ngā taura PVC/riser, kua tapaina ko OFNR, mō ngā ara poutū i waenga i ngā papa engari he iti ake te ātete ahi me te paitini nui ake nā te nui o te halogen.
| Āhuatanga | Taura PVC/Whakaara | Taura Whakanui | Taura LSZH |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ātete Mura | Toharite | Tino Pai | Pai |
| Whakamate-ā-ia-anō | rawakore | Tino Pai | Pai |
| Ihirangi Halogen | Kei roto ngā Halogen | Kei roto ngā Halogen* | Kore-Hōgen |
| Te whakaputanga paowa | Teitei ake | Tino Iti | Tino Iti |
| Paitini | Teitei ake | I raro | Te iti rawa |
*Kia mōhio: Ko ētahi taura plenum kāore he halogen engari he maha ngā wā kei roto ngā halogen.
Ngā Tikanga Hanga mō te Whakatauranga Ahi
Ka hoahoahia e ngā miihini ngā whare herehere kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa ātete ahi tino pakari. Ngā whakamātautau pēnei iUL 94 me PH120aromatawai i te whanonga o ngā rauemi i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahi. Ko te whakatauranga V-0 i raro i te UL 94 ko te tikanga ka tere te tineia o te rauemi, ā, kāore e maturuturu iho ngā matūriki mura. Mā te tiwhikete PH120 ka tiakina e te pouaka ngā taputapu o roto mō te 120 meneti i te wā e mura ana. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā whakamātautau mura poutū me te whakapae, te ru miihini, me ngā whakatauira rehu wai hei manatoko i te mahi. Mā ēnei tikanga ka mau tonu te pono o ngā pouaka me te tiaki i ngā wāhanga whatunga i te wā e mura ana te ahi.
Te Whakataurite i ngā Kōwhiringa Āpitihanga
Ko te whiriwhiri i te whare tika me whakataurite i te pakari,ātete ahi, te māmā o te tāutanga, me te utu.Ko ngā taura Plenum e tuku ana i te whakatauranga ahi teitei me te roa, e pai ai mō ngā wāhi whakahaere hau engari he nui ake te utu. He ātete ahi ngawari ngā taura whakaara, ā, he māmā ake te tāuta ki ngā pou poutū. He tino pai ngā taura LSZH ki te iti o te paoa me te paitini, he pai mō ngā taiao tairongo, ahakoa ehara i te mea hei whakakapi tika mō ngā taura whānui. Ko ngā taura o waho, pērā i te PE, he ātete ki te huarere engari kāore i te whai tohu ahi o roto.
| Momo Taura | Te pakari | Ātete Ahi | Ngāwari o te Tāutanga | Ngā Whakaaro mō te Utu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te Runanga Nui | Teitei | Teitei rawa | Me tutuki ngā whakaritenga | He nui ake te utu |
| Kaiwhakaara | Pakari | Waenga | Ngāwari ake i roto i ngā ara whakatā | He iti ake te utu |
| LSZH | Pakari | Pai | Ngā wāhi motuhake | He nui ake te utu |
| PE (Waho) | Teitei | Kāore i te tika | Waho anake | Rerekē |
Tohutohu: Me whakataurite tonu ngā rauemi me ngā whakatauranga o te whare ki ngā whakaritenga haumaru ahi me te taiao tāutanga mō te tiakitanga tino pai me te tutuki i ngā ture.
Ngā Whare Muka Whatu Whakatauranga-Ahi: Paearu Kōwhiringa
Ngā Ture Hanga me ngā Whakaaro Whakahaere
Me whai ngā whare arumoni katoa i ngā ture haumaru ahi ā-rohe, ā-motu, me ā-motu. Ko ngā mana whakahaere pērā i te National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) me te International Building Code (IBC) e whakatakoto ana i ngā ture tino pakari mō te whakahaere taura me te pono o te ārai ahi. He maha ngā wā ka tirohia e ngā kaitirotiro mēnā ka tutuki i ngā Whare Muka Whatu Whakatauranga Ahi ēnei paerewa. Me arotake e ngā rangatira whare ngā mea e whai ake nei i mua i te whiriwhiri i tētahi whare:
- Whakatauranga Ātete AhiMe rite te wāhi ahi ki te kaha o te pakitara, te papa, te tuanui rānei e uru ana, me neke atu rānei i tēnā.
- Ngā Whakaritenga TiwhiketeMe whai tiwhikete whai mana ngā hua, pēnei i te UL, IEC rānei, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga.
- Ngā tuhingaMā ngā tuhinga tika o te tāutanga me ngā whakatakotoranga hua ka āwhina i ngā wā tirotiro me ngā arotake inihua.
Kia mōhio: Tērā pea he whakaritenga motuhake ā ngā ture ā-rohe. Me kōrero tonu ki tētahi miihini tiaki ahi whai raihana, ki tētahi āpiha ture rānei i mua i te whakatau i te kōwhiringa hua.
Ngā Take Taiao me te Taupānga
He mea nui te taiao e tāuta ai te whare i roto i te kōwhiringa hua. He rerekē ngā wero o ngā wāhi rerekē i roto i te whare arumoni. Hei tauira, me whai rauemi kua whakaritea mō te katoa ngā wāhi whakahaere hau, engari me whai hua kua whakaritea mō te pū whakarunga. Ka pāngia hoki te mahi e te makuku, te pāmahana, me te pānga ki ngā matū.
Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te taiao me te tono ko:
- Tauwāhi: Ngā wāhi o roto, o waho, o te whare nui, o te whare whakatārewatanga, o ngā wāhi whakamahi whānui rānei
- Awhe PāmahanaMe tu atu ētahi whare herehere i te wera nui, i te makariri rānei
- Ātete ki te makuku me te waikuraMe whai hiri, paninga motuhake rānei ngā taiao mākū, haumākū rānei
- Te Tiakitanga Ā-Mīhini: Tērā pea me whakakaha ake ngā ārai mō ngā wāhi e nui ana te haere o te tangata, ngā wāhi ahumahi rānei
Mā te ripanga ka taea te whakatairite i ngā hiahia taiao:
| Rohe tono | Whakatauranga e hiahiatia ana | Te Wero Taiao | Āhuatanga e Manakohia ana |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngā Wāhi Whakanui | Te Huihuinga Nui (OFNP) | Te rere o te hau, te whakahaere paowa | He iti te paoa, he ātete mura |
| Ngā Pou Whakaara | Pūwhakaara (OFNR) | Te horapa o te ahi poutū | Te tinei-ā-koe |
| Ngā Wāhi o Waho | Ātete UV/Huarere | Rā, ua, pāmahana | Hiri, pumau ki te UV |
| Ngā Rohe Ahumahi | Ātete Pānga | Te wiri, te puehu, ngā matū | Kua whakapakaritia, kua whakakīia ki te gasket |
Te Whakataurite i ngā Āhuatanga ki ngā Hiahia o te Kaupapa
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā Āpiti Muka Whatu Ārai Ahi tika e kore e uru noa ki te tutuki i ngā ture. Me whakataurite e ngā kaiwhakahaere kaupapa te haumaru, te mahi, me te tahua. Ka taea e te rārangi arowhai e whai ake nei te ārahi i te tukanga whakatau:
- Aromatawai i te Tahora o te WhareTāutuhia ngā arai me ngā ara taura katoa e āhei ana ki te ahi.
- Whakatauhia ngā Whakatauranga e Hiahiatia anaTātaitia ngā whakatauranga o te whare herehere ki te ātete ahi o ia ārai.
- Arotakehia ngā Momo TauraKōwhiria ngā ārai e hototahi ana ki ngā taura plenum, riser, LSZH rānei ina hiahiatia.
- Whakaarohia te Whanuitanga ā-MāuiKōwhiria ngā whare he nui ake te kaha mō ngā tāpiri taura a meake nei.
- Arotakehia ngā Whakaritenga TāutangaKo ētahi wharepaku he whakaurunga kore-taputapu, he hoahoa kōwae rānei mō te tāutanga tere ake.
- Tirohia ngā Hiahia TiakiMā ngā panera ngāwari te uru atu me ngā tapanga mārama ka māmā ake ngā tirotiro me ngā whakatikatika.
Tohutohu: Whakauruhia ngā tīma hangarau mōhiohio, ngā whare, me te haumaru i te tīmatanga o te tukanga whakamahere. Mā ā rātou whakauru ka tutuki i ngā whare kua tīpakohia ngā hiahia hangarau me ngā hiahia ture.
Ka tiakina e te whare kua whiriwhiria pai ngā hanganga whatunga, ka tautoko i te tutuki i ngā ture, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā utu mō te wā roa. Ka whakaratohia e ngā Whare Muka Whatu Whakamātautau Ahi te rangimarie o te hinengaro mō ngā rangatira whare me ngā kainoho mā te whakakotahi i te haumaru me te mahi pono.
Ngā Wāhi Muka Whatu Whakatauranga-Ahi: Te Tāutanga me te Tiaki
Ngā Tikanga Pai o te Tāutanga
Te tāutanga tikae whakarite ana i te haumaru me te tutuki i ngā ture. Me whai ngā kaiwhakauru i ēnei tikanga pai:
- Kōwhiria ngā taura me ngā ara reihi e tutuki aiNgā whakaritenga o te Ture 770 a te NEC.
- Āraia te ahi i ngā wāhi katoa e uru ana ki ngā pakitara, ki ngā ārai, ki ngā papa, ki ngā tuanui rānei e āhei ana ki te ahi. Me whai tonu i ngā tohutohu a te kaihanga me te NEC 300.21.
- Whakahokia te āhua o te ārai ahi i muri i te pokanga ki ngā tāutanga muka whatu.
- Whakamahia ngā taura me ngā ara reihi kua whakatauhia e te plenum i roto i ngā wāhi hau taiao, pērā i runga ake i ngā tuanui tautau, i raro rānei i ngā papa teitei.
- Tautokohia ngā taura ki ngā wāhanga hanganga o te whare me ngā taputapu kua whakaaetia. Kaua e whakamahi i ngā whatunga tuanui, i ngā waea tautoko tuanui rānei.
- Whakaritea ngā taura kia ma, kia rite hoki ki te tikanga mahi a te tangata, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te NEC 770.24. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te uru atu mō ngā mahi tiaki a meake nei.
- Whakanohoia ngā taura ki runga ake i te tuanui kia taea ai te nuku i ngā panera tuanui e iri ana me te kore he arai, hei ārai i te takahi i ngā ture.
Tohutohu: Mā te whakamahere tupato i mua i te tāutanga ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā whakatikatika utu nui, ā, ka whakarite i te pono mō te wā roa.
Ngā Whakaritenga mō te Tapanga me te Tuhituhi
Mā te tapanga tika me te tuhi tuhinga tino pai ka āwhina i te pupuri i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te whakahaere i ngā tirotirohanga ā muri ake nei. Me whakaatu e ia pouaka me ia taura ngā tapanga mārama, pakari e whakaatu ana i te whakatauranga ahi, te rā tāutanga, me te momo taura. Me pupuri e ngā kaiwhakauru ngā tuhinga taipitopito, tae atu ki ngā tiwhikete hua, ngā hoahoa tāutanga, me ngā taipitopito whakaora ārai ahi. Mā te tuhinga kua whakaritea ka tautoko i ngā tirotirohanga maeneene me ngā kereme inihua.
Arotakenga me te Tiaki Tonu
Mā ngā tirotiro auau ka noho haumaru, ka tutuki hoki ngā whakaritenga o ngā pūnaha. Me tirotiro e ngā tīma o ngā whare ngā ārai mō ngā kino ā-tinana, te mārama o te tapanga, me te pono o ngā ārai. Me uru ki ngā wātaka tiaki te whakamātautau ā-wā i ngā rauemi ārai ahi me te whakatika wawe i ngā hapa. Mā ngā arotake auau ka whakarite kia tutuki tonu ngā wāhanga katoa i ngā whakaritenga waehere e whanake haere ana.
Ka tautokohia e ngā Whare Whatunga Muka Ārai-Ahi te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, ā, ka tiakina hoki ngā hanganga nui o ngā whare arumoni. Ka āraihia e ēnei whare te horapa o te ahi me te hau paitini, ka tukuna he tiaki pumau mai i ngā tūponotanga taiao, ā, ka āwhina ki te whakaiti i ngā utu inihua. Ka whakarei ake te whakamahinga i te haere tonu o te mahi me te whakahaere mōrearea mō ngā kaipupuri whare.
- Ka tiakina ngā wāhanga nui mō te whā hāora
- Ka whakaiti i ngā hiahia tiaki
- Tautoko i te tāutanga i roto i ngā taiao kanorau
Nā: Eric
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Ī-mēra:henry@cn-ftth.com
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Wā tuku: Hurae-16-2025