He mea nui te rapurongoā hei whakarite i te pono otaura papaki muka whatuhononga. Ko ngā wero pēnei i te ngaronga piko, te ngaronga hononga, me te ngaronga whakaurunga he maha ngā wā ka whakararuraru i te mahi. Ko ngā hononga wetekina, te piko rawa, me ngā āhuatanga taiao ka whakararuraru ake i te pumau o te whatunga. Ko te tiaki matatau, inā koa mō ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā taura whakapiri muka whatu takirua, ngā taura whakapiri muka whatu ārai rānei, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea. Mā te tirotiro auau i ngā taura whakapiri SC me ngā taura whakapiri LC ka āwhina i te kite wawe i ngā take, ka ārai i te wā whakaweto utu nui.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Horoia ngā hononga muka whatu i ngā wā katoa kia kore ai e paru. Mā tēnei mahi ngāwari ka whakaiti i ngā raruraru tohu, ā, ka pai tonu te mahi a te whatunga.
- Tirohia ngā hononga me ngā taurahe maha ngā wā mō te pakaru, te kakahu rānei. Mā te kimi wawe i ngā raruraru ka taea te aukati i ngā take nui, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha o ngā hononga.
- Whakamahia ngā taputapu tikahei whakarite i ngā hononga i te wā whakatūnga. Mā te whakarite tika ka pai ake te rere o te tohu, ā, ka pai ake te mahi a te whatunga.
Ngā Mata Pito Parakore i roto i ngā Taura Patch muka whatu
Ngā Take o te Parahanga
Ko te poke i ngā mata pito o te taura whatu muka tetahi o ngā tino take o te hekenga o te tohu. He maha ngā wā ka kohia ngā matūriki puehu, ngā hinu tapumati, me te makuku ki runga i ngā hononga, ka ārai i te ara tohu. Ahakoa ngā matūriki iti noa iho i te 5-6 maikorona ka taea te whakararuraru i te tuku. Ka kukume mai ngā utu hiko e puta mai ana i te waku i te puehu ki te mata pito o te hononga, ka nui ake te kino o te raruraru. Ehara i te mea ka ārai noa ēnei poke i te mārama engari ka whakarerekē hoki i te taupū whakaata, ka puta te he o te tae me te ngaronga whakaurunga. I roto i te wā, ka puta pea ngā karawarawa, ngā pakaru rānei, ka arahi ki te kino tuturu me te heke o te mahi.
Ngā Tikanga Horoi Whai Hua
He mea nui ngā tikanga horoi tika hei pupuri i te mahi a ngā taura whakapiri muka whatu. Mā te horoi mākū, mā te whakamahi i ngā tauera kua rumakina i mua, ka tangohia ngā toenga uaua. Mā ngā tauera kore-miro, me te nekehanga muru mārie, ka ārai i ngā karawarawa. Mō ngā wāhi kuiti, he pai ngā ūkui, ngā rākau rānei. Mā ngā taputapu pāwhiri-ki-horoi ka tere te horoi i ngā taiao matotoru. Mā te tukanga horoi mākū-ki-maroke, e pania ai he wairewa ka murua mai i ngā wāhi mākū ki ngā wāhi maroke, ka tino tangohia ngā poke. Mā ngā otinga matatau, pērā i ngā wairewa whai hāora, ka whakakore i ngā utu pūmau ka mimiti wawe, ka mimiti wawe, ka kore he toenga e toe.
| Tikanga Horoi | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Horoi Mākū | Ka whakamahi i ngā tauera kua rumakina i mua, i ngā whakarewa rānei hei whakarewa i ngā poke. |
| Ngā Tauera Kore-Miro | Ka tango i ngā matūriki me te kore e rakuraku i te mata. |
| Ngā Utauta Pāwhiri-hei-Horoi | Ka whakatakoto i te rīpene horoi hei horoi tere i ngā wāhi kikī. |
| Horoi Mākū-ki-Maroke | Ka whakakotahi i te paninga whakarewa me te tauera maroke mō te horoinga whai hua. |
Āhea me Whakakapi ngā Hononga Pakaru
I ētahi wā, kāore pea te horoi e whakaora i te mahi a te taura muka whatu. Ko ngā karawarawa hohonu, ngā poka, ngā kapiti rānei i te mata o te hononga e tohu ana i te kino kāore e taea te whakatika. Mena kāore te horoi e whakapai ake i te mahi, ki te mau tonu rānei te ngaronga whakaurunga, me whakakapi te hononga. Mā ngā tirotiro auau ka āwhina i te tautuhi wawe i aua take, ka ārai i ngā raruraru whatunga anō.
Te Hē o te Hononga Taura Patch muka whatu
Ngā Take o te Hē o te Hononga
He raruraru noa te hē o te hononga i roto i ngā pūnaha muka whatu. Ka puta tēnei ina kore e tika te tūnga o ngā matua muka whatu, ka nui te whakaata me te ngaronga whakaurunga. Ko ngā take noa ko te whakaurunga koretake o te hononga, te āhua o te pito mata, te rahunga rānei o te pine arataki. Ka puta anō hoki te hē o te tūnga mai i te whakahaere hē i te wā tāutanga, i te wā tiaki rānei.Ngā take honohono, ahakoa he iti ake te kitea, ka whai wāhi pea ki ngā raruraru whakahāngai. Ka whakararuraru ēnei wero i te tuku tohu, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga whānui o te whatunga.
Ngā Utauta me ngā Tikanga Whakahāngai
Te whakarite tikaHe mea nui ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga hei whakatau i ngā take hē o te tūnga. Mā ngā ringaringa tūnga Ferrule ka āwhina i te whakarite i te tūnga matua tika mā te pupuri i ngā hononga kia mau ki te wāhi tika. He whai hua ngā kimi hapa tirohanga (VFL) mō te tautuhi i ngā hononga hē mā te tuku i te mārama taiaho whero mā roto i te muka. Ka taea hoki e ngā tohunga hangarau te whakamahi i ngā ine whakaata rohe-wā whatu (OTDR) hei kimi me te tātari i ngā hapa tūnga. Mō ngā whakatikatika ā-ringa, ka whakaratohia e ngā taputapu tūnga me ngā karu hiko te tika e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te tūnga matua tino pai. Mā te whakatikatika auau o ēnei taputapu ka whakarite kia rite tonu te mahi.
Te Whakarite i te Whakaritenga Tika o te Miro TX me te RX
He mea nui te pupuri i te tika o te whakaritenga o ngā aho TX (tuku) me te aho RX (whiwhi) kia kore ai e mutu te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Me manatoko e ngā tohunga hangarau kei te rite te aho TX o tētahi hononga ki te aho RX o te hononga e rite ana. Mā te tapanga i ngā taura me ngā hononga ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā hononga whakawhiti. I te wā tāutanga, mā te whai i ngā aratohu a te kaihanga ka tika te whakaritenga. Mā ngā tirotiro me ngā whakamātautau auau ka āwhina ki te tautuhi me te whakatika i tētahi whakaritenga hē i mua i te pānga ki te mahi whatunga. Mā ēnei mahi ka whakarei ake i te pono o ngā hononga taura muka whatu.
Te Kimi me te Ārai i ngā Hapa Taura
Ngā Momo Hapa Taura Noa
He maha ngā momo hapa ka pā ki ngā taura muka whatu, ka whakararuraru i te mahi a te whatunga. Ko ētahi o ēnei:
- NgarongaTe ngoikore o te tohu nā ngā hononga ngoikore, ngā taura pakaru rānei.
- Te pokePuehu, paru rānei i runga i ngā hononga ka heke te tohu.
- Ngā wā okiokiTe kino o te taura, i te nuinga o te wā nā te whakahaere hē.
- Ngā karawarawa: Te kino o te mata o ngā hononga e pā ana ki te tuku mārama.
- Ngā hononga hapaNgā hononga wetekina, kāore rānei i tāuta tikatia.
- Ngā Piko: He piko nui rawa atu i te radius piko iti rawa o te taura, ka ngaro te tohu.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei take noa ka āwhina i ngā tohunga hangarau ki te tautuhi me te whakatika i ngā raruraru me te whai hua.
Ngā Utauta mō te Tāutu i ngā Hapa
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tohunga hangarau ki ngā taputapu motuhake hei kimi me te tātari i ngā hapa o te taura. Ko ngā taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
- Ngā kimi hapa tirohanga (VFL)Tukuna he rama whero mā roto i te muka hei whakaatu i ngā whati, ngā piko, ngā hononga ngoikore rānei.
- Ngā whakamātautau muka whatuIne i te kaha o te tohu me te whakatau i ngā raruraru whatunga.
- Ngā ine whakaata rohe wā whatu (OTDR)Tātarihia te hononga muka katoa kia kitea ai ngā hapa.
- Ngā karu hiko muka whatuTirohia ngā mata o te hononga mō te poke, te karawarawa rānei.
- Ngā mita hiko me ngā puna māramaInehia ngā taumata mana whatu hei kite i te ngaronga tohu.
Mā ēnei taputapu ka taea te tautuhi tika, ka taea ai te whakatau tere i ngā raruraru muka whatu.
Tohutohu hei karo i te pakaru o te taura
Te ārai i ngā hapa tauraka tīmata mā te whakahaere tika me ngā tikanga tāutanga. Whāia ēnei tohutohu hei pupuri i te pono o ngā taura muka whatu:
- Kia tūpato te pupuri i ngā taura kia kore ai e kino te tinana.
- Whakamahia ngā taura me ngā hononga kounga teitei mō te pono mō te wā roa.
- Āta karohia te piko rawa o ngā taura i te wā e tāuta ana hei pupuri i te pono o te tohu.
- Horoia ngā hononga i ia wā hei ārai i te poke.
- Tōia ngā taura mā te taha o ō rātou wāhanga kaha, kaua te koti, hei ārai i ngā kino o roto.
Mā te whakatinana i ēnei tikanga, ka taea e ngā tohunga hangarau te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā hapa, me te whakarite hoki i te mahi pono o ngā taura muka whatu.
Te Whakatau i te Ngaronga Whakaurunga i roto i ngā Taura Patch muka whatu
Te Mārama ki te Ngaronga Whakauru
Ko te ngaronga whakaurunga e pā ana ki te whakahekenga o te mana whatu i te wa e haere ana te marama i roto i te pūnaha muka whatu. He tawhā nui tēnei e pā tika ana ki te mahi a ngā whatunga muka whatu. Hei tauira:
- E pāngia ana e te muka maha-aratau te ngaronga tohu tata ki te 0.3 dB (3%) i roto i te 100 mita, ko ngā taura parahi Kāwai 6A e ngaro ana tata ki te 12 dB (94%) i roto i taua tawhiti anō.
- Ko ngā tono tere-rahi pēnei i te 10GBASE-SR me te 100GBASE-SR4 he tino kaha te herenga o te ngaronga whakaurunga o te 2.9 dB me te 1.5 dB, ia, neke atu i te 400 mita.
Mā ngā tahua ngaronga, i tatauhia i te wā hoahoa, ka whakarite kia tutukihia ēnei whakaritenga, kia mau tonu ai te mahi whatunga tino pai.
| Tono | Ngaronga Whakaurunga Mōrahi | Tawhiti |
|---|---|---|
| 10GBASE-SR | 2.9 dB | 400 mita |
| 100GBASE-SR4 | 1.5 dB | 400 mita |
| muka aratau maha | 0.3 dB (3% te ngaronga) | 100 mita |
Te Whakamātautau mō te Ngaronga Tohu
He mea nui te whakamātautau tika hei tautuhi me te whakatika i te ngaronga whakaurunga ki ngā taura whakapiri muka whatu. Ko ngā tikanga noa ko:
| Tikanga Whakamātautau | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Ngā Huinga Whakamātautau Ngaronga Whatu (OLTS) | E ine ana i te ngaronga mārama katoa i roto i te hononga muka whatu i raro i ngā āhuatanga whatunga whakatauira. |
| Ine Whakaata Rohe-Wā Whatu (OTDR) | Ka tuku i ngā pāorooro mārama hei kite i ngā hapa, ngā piko, me ngā ngaronga hononga mā te tātari i te mārama marara, i te mārama whakaata rānei. |
| Pūtirotiro Hapa Tirohanga (VFL) | Ka whakamahi i te rama taiaho e kitea ana hei tautuhi i ngā whati me ngā piko kikī o te taura muka whatu. |
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hangarau te OLTS mō ngā inenga tika, mā te whakamahi i te pūtake mārama i tetahi pito, me te mita hiko i tetahi pito. Mā ngā āhuatanga whakarewatanga rerenga porowhita (EF) ka whakaitihia te koretake o te inenga, kia pono ai ngā hua.
Te Whakaiti i te Ngaronga Whakauru
Ko te whakaiti i te ngaronga whakaurunga me whai i te whakakotahitanga o te whakamahere tupato me ngā tikanga tāutanga tika. Ko ngā rautaki whai hua ko:
- Te whakakanapa me te horoi i ngā pito muka hei tango i ngā poke.
- Te whakaiti i ngā āputa pito i te wā e hono ana hei whakaiti i te ngaronga tohu.
- Te hono i ngā muka o te rahi kotahi hei karo i ngā taupatupatu.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakarite tika i te tahua ngaronga whakaurunga i te wā hoahoa ka noho tonu te ngaronga katoa i roto i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana. Mā te whakamātautau auau me ngā mita mana whatu ka manatokohia te tutuki i ēnei tahua, ka mau tonu te mahi o tetaura papaki muka whatuwhatunga.
Te Whakatika i te Pakaru o ngā Hononga i roto i ngā Taura Patch muka whatu
Ngā Tohu o ngā Hononga Kua Pakaru
Ngā hononga kua pakaruI roto i ngā pūnaha muka whatu, he maha ngā wā ka kitea ngā tohu mārama o te pirau. Ko te poke i runga i te ferrule, ngā karawarawa i te mata o te hononga, me te koretake o te whakaritenga muka he tohu noa iho. Ka taea e ēnei take te aukati, te marara rānei i ngā tohu mārama, ka nui te ngaronga o te mahi. Hei tauira, ko ngā hononga paru ka nui ake te ngaronga whakaurunga i te paepae kua tūtohutia o te 0.3 dB, ko te ngaronga whakahoki ka heke iho i raro i te 45 dB, ka whakararu i te kaha o te tohu. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā Visual Fault Locators (VFLs) me ngā Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) hei kimi i ēnei raruraru. Ko te ngaronga hononga, mai i te 0.25 ki te neke atu i te 1.5 dB, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i te paru, te tāutanga hē, te kore whakaritenga rānei.
Te Tiaki hei Whakaroa i te Ora o te Hononga
He mea nui te tiaki tika kia roa ai te ora o tengā hononga muka whatuMā te horoi auau i ngā pito hononga ka tangohia te puehu me ngā hinu, e 85% o ngā take ngaronga o te ngoikore. Mā ngā tirotiro tirohanga ka taea te tautuhi wawe i ngā kino ā-tinana, ka ārai i te pirau haere. Mā te whakarite i ngā whakamātautau tohu ā-wā ka whakarite i te mahi pumau me te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi. Ko te pupuri i te ma me te whakahaere i ngā tirotiro auau he rautaki kua whakamātauhia hei whakaiti i te kakahu me te whakaroa i te ora o ngā taura papaki muka whatu.
Te Whakakapi i ngā Hononga Kua Pakaru, Kua Pakaru rānei
Ina kitea ngā pakaru e kitea ana i ngā hononga, pērā i te waikura, i ngā karawarawa hōhonu rānei, me whakakapi. Me whai ngā tohunga hangarau i tētahi huarahi pūnaha:
- Whakahaerehia he tirotiro ā-kanohi hei tautuhi i te kino, i te poke rānei.
- Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mahi, tae atu ki ngā tirotiro ātete pa me te ātete whakamarumaru.
- Arotakehia ngā wāhanga miihini mō te pakaru, te hē rānei o te tūnga.
- Whakakapia wawetia ngā wāhanga pakaru kia taea ai te mahi tonu.
- Whakahuihui anō i ngā hononga kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga.
Mō ngā take uaua, ka whakarite ngā tohunga kōrero kia tika te whakatau. Mā te pupuri i tētahi rēkoata o te tukanga tātaritanga ka āwhina i te ārai i ngā raruraru a meake nei, ā, ka whakarite hoki i te pono o te whatunga taura muka whatu.
Te karo i ngā hapa tāutanga i roto i ngā tatūnga taura papaki muka whatu
Ngā Hapa Tāutanga Noa
Ngā hapa tāutangaka pā nui ki te mahi a ngā pūnaha muka whatu. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau tata nei i ētahi hapa noa:
- Me whakamahi takirua te taputapu muka aho kotahiHe maha ngā wā ka raru te tāutanga mēnā kāore i te ōrite ngā taputapu whakawhiti.
- Kaua e Whakamahia te Muka Aratau-Kotahi ki te Muka Aratau-Maha: Ka hua ake ngā momo muka kore hototahi i ngā takanga o ngā mōkihi me ngā hapa.
- Kia Mārama ki ngā Momo Hononga Muka Katoa i te TuatahiMā te mōhio tika ki ngā momo hononga ka tika ai te tāutanga.
- Ka pāngia hoki ngā hononga hono me ngā wā honohono: Ka nui ake te ngaronga tohu i te nui rawa o ngā hononga me ngā hononga honohono.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā tikanga horoi hē me ngā tikanga kukume taura hē te take o ngā raruraru hononga. Ko ngā pito muka paru anake te take o te 85% o te ngaronga o te ngoikore, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te horoi i te wā e tāuta ana.
Te Hiranga o te Whakangungu Tika
Mā te whakangungu tika ka whakawhiwhia ngā tohunga hangarau ki ngā pūkenga e hiahiatia ana hei karo i ngā hapa tāutanga. Ka arotahi ngā kaupapa whakangungu ki ngā tikanga tapahi me te honohono, kia tika ai ngā hononga. Ka ako hoki ngā tohunga hangarau ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita hiko me ngā taputapu kimi hapa tirohanga, e āwhina ana ki te tautuhi me te whakatau i ngā take i te wā tāutanga. Ki te kore he whakangungu tika, ka arahi pea ngā hapa ki te wā kore mahi utu nui, inā koa i ngā pokapū raraunga. Mā te whakangungu haumaru ka whakaitihia ngā mōrearea, ka whakarite i tētahi taiao mahi haumaru mō ngā kaiwhakauru.
Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Tāutanga
Te piri kingā mahi pai rawa atue whakarite ana i ngā tatūnga taura muka whatu pono. Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei ngā mahi kua whakamanahia me ō rātou painga:
| Te Mahi Pai rawa atu | Taunakitanga |
|---|---|
| Te horoi | Ko te 85% o ngā raruraru ngaronga o te hiko he paru ngā mata o te muka. |
| Ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau Tika | Ka whakapai ake i te tika mā te whakamātautau OTDR rua-aronga me te whakamātautau ngaronga whakaurunga pito-ki-pito. |
| Te Whakaiti i te Pūtoro Piko | Mā te whai i te radius piko iti rawa ka ārai i te kino o roto o te muka karāhe. |
| Te Whakahaere i te Āninitanga Toia | Mā te karo i te kaha kume nui ka mau tonu te pumau o te taura. |
Mā te whakamahere i mua i te tāutanga me ngā rangahau whānui mō te papaanga ka ārai i ngā wero noa. Mā te tuhi i ngā hua whakamātautau mō ngā wāhanga muka katoa kua tāutahia ka whakarite i te kawenga me te whakahaere i ngā raruraru ā muri ake nei.
Ngā Tohutohu Tāpiri mō te Rapurongoā mō ngā Taura Patch muka whatu
Te Tirotiro i ngā Taura Kua Momotu
He take noa ngā taura motumotu ka taea te whakararuraru i te mahi a te whatunga. Me tīmata ngā tohunga hangarau mā te tirotiro ā-kanohi i ngā hononga katoa kia mōhio ai kei te mono tika ngā taura ki ō rātou tauranga. He maha ngā wā ka ngaro te tohu i ngā hononga wetekina, kāore rānei i te tika te whakanoho. Mā te whakamahi i te Tirotiro Hapa Tirotiro (VFL) ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā taura motumotu, pakaru rānei mā te tuku i tētahi rama whero e kitea ana i roto i te muka. Mā tēnei taputapu e whakaatu ngā whati, ngā momotu rānei, kia tere ai te whakatau. Mā te tapanga auau i ngā taura ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā momotu tūpono i te wā tiaki.
Te tirotiro i ngā papaki mō ngā hononga hapa
Ngā papakiHe mahi nui tā ngā hononga muka whatu ki te whakarite me te whakahaere i ngā hononga muka whatu. Mā ngā hononga hapa i roto i ēnei panera ka heke te tohu, ka pakaru rānei te whatunga. Me tirotiro e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā panera papaki mō ngā tohu o te pakaru, pērā i ngā hononga piko, pakaru rānei. Mā te tirotiro tirohanga whānui i raro i te whakanui ka kitea ngā karawarawa, te poke rānei i runga i ngā mata hononga. He mea tino nui ngā taputapu pērā i ngā Mita Mana Whatu (OPM) me ngā Mita Whakaata Rohe Wā Whatu (OTDR) mō te whakamātautau i te kaha o te tohu me te tautuhi i ngā hapa i roto i te panera papaki. Mā te tiaki auau ka noho tonu ngā panera papaki ki te āhua pai, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā raruraru mahi.
Te Whakapūmau i te Mana Tuku Rawaka
He mea nui te mana tuku tika hei pupuri i tētahi whatunga muka whatu pono. Me ine ngā tohunga hangarau i te mana tohu i ngā wāhi rerekē mā te whakamahi i tētahi Mita Mana Whatu hei tautuhi i ngā ngaronga, i ngā pakaru rānei. Mā te whakamātautau ngaronga whakaurunga ka taea te aromatawai anō i te pānga o ngā hononga me ngā hononga ki te kaha o te tohu. Mā ngā mahi ārai, pērā i te horoi i ngā hononga ki ngā tauera kore-miro me te wai horoi, ka āwhina ki te pupuri i ngā taumata mana tino pai. Mā te noho mōhio ki ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau muka whatu ka whakarite kia whakamahia ngā taputapu whai hua, ka whakarei ake i te mahi whatunga whānui.
TohutohuMā te whakahou i ngā tikanga tiaki me te piri ki ngā paerewa ahumahi ka tino whakapai ake i te pono o ngā hononga taura muka whatu.
Mā te rapurongoā whai hua ka pono tetaura papaki muka whatuMā ngā tirotiro auau, tae atu ki ngā tirotiro tirohanga me te horoi hononga, ka mau tonu te mahi tino pai. Mā te whakahaere tika ka ārai i te poke me te kino, ka whakarite kia kore e mutu te tuku tohu. Kei a Dowell ngā otinga muka whatu kounga teitei, e whakawhirinakihia ana mō tō rātou pakari me te tika.
Ngā Mahi Matua:
- Te ma me te āhua tika o te pito mata
- Te piri ki ngā paerewa ahumahi
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te tino take o te pakaru o te taura papaki muka whatu?
Ko te poke i ngā mata o ngā hononga te tino take. Ka ārai te puehu, te hinu, me ngā para i te tuku mārama, ka ngaro te tohu, ka heke hoki te mahi.
Kia pēhea te auau o te horoi i ngā hononga muka whatu?
Me mahi ngā tohunga hangaraungā hononga mai mua i ia hononga, i ia whakamātautau rānei. Mā te horoi auau ka ārai i te poke, ka whakarite kia pai te tuku tohu, ā, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru whatunga.
Ka taea te whakatika i ngā taura muka whatu kua pakaru?
Ka taea te whakakanapa i ētahi wā mō ngā pakaru iti, pērā i ngā karawarawa. Heoi, ko ngā pakaru nui, pērā i ngā whati, me whakakapi te taura kia pai ai te mahi.
TohutohuI ngā wā katoatirohia ngā taura me ngā honongai te wā o ngā mahi tiaki o ia rā hei tautuhi i ngā raruraru pea i te wā wawe.
Wā tuku: Maehe-29-2025