Taura muka whatu tanu tikaKo te whakaurunga ko te whakatakoto tika i ngā taura ki te whenua, me te kore he paipa tāpiri, kia pai ai te tuku raraunga mō ngā hanganga tāone. Ka tautokohia e tēnei tikanga te pikinga o te hiahia mō te tere tere.taura ipurangi muka whatungā whatunga, e hanga ana i te pou tuarā o ngā tāone hou. Mā te tāutanga tika ka roa te ora, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā raruraru whatunga. Ko Dowell, he kaiārahi i roto i ngā otinga muka whatu, he tohunga ki ngā hangarau matatau pēnei itaura muka whatu takirua aratau kotahingā pūnaha. Ka whakamahia e Eric, te Kaiwhakahaere o te Tari Tauhokohoko o Tawahi, tōna tohungatanga ki te tuku otinga auaha e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia o te tāone nui.
Whakapā atu ki a Eric i runga iPukamatamō te aratohu a te tohunga.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Ka uru tika ngā taura muka whatu ki raro i te whenua, kāore he paipa tāpiri. Ka penapena moni tēnei, ā, ka pai te mahi i roto i ngā tāone nui.
- Te whakamahere me te tirotiro i te oneoneHe mea tino nui mō te angitu. Mā te mōhio ki te momo oneone ka āwhina i te whiriwhiri i ngā taura me ngā tikanga tika.
- Ngā tirotiro me te tiaki auaukia pai te mahi a ngā whatunga muka whatu. Mā te tirotiro pinepine ka taea te aukati i ngā raruraru utu nui i muri mai.
- Mā ngā taura ārai me ngā taputapu haumaru, pērā i ngā rīpene whakatūpato, ka kaha ake ngā taura. Mā ēnei ka tiakina mai i te kino me te huarere kino.
- Mā te whai i ngā ture i te wā whakatū me te whakamātautau ka pai ake te mahi a ngā whatunga. Ka whakarite hoki kia tutuki i a rātou ngā paerewa kounga.
Tirohanga Whānui o te Taura Muka Whatu Tāngi Tika
Whakamāramatanga me te Kaupapa
Te tanumanga tikaKo te taura muka whatu e pā ana ki tētahi momo taura motuhake i hangaia mō te tāutanga i raro i te whenua, me te kore e hiahiatia he paipa tāpiri, he paepae tiaki rānei. Mā tēnei tikanga ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia whai hua hoki te tuku raraunga, ā, he mea tino pai mō ngā kaupapa hanganga tāone. Mā te whakauru tika i ngā taura ki roto i te oneone, ka taea e ngā tāone te whakatū whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pakari e tautoko ana i te ipurangi tere-teitei me ngā hangarau matatau. Mā te tukanga tāutanga ngāwari ka whakaitihia ngā utu, ka tere ake hoki ngā wā whakatinanatanga, ā, he mea pai mō te whanaketanga tāone hou.
Ngā Āhuatanga Hanga me te Pakari
He mea hanga ngā taura muka whatu tanu tika kia tū atu ki ngā āhuatanga taiao kino me te ahotea tinana. Kei roto i tōna hanganga pakari he pukupuku rino, he koti polyethylene matotoru, me ngā paparanga ārai wai, hei whakarite i te tiaki mai i te urunga mai o te wai, te paru, me te pāmahana tino kino. Kei te wātea ēnei taura i roto i ngā momo rerekē, pērā i te ngongo wetewete parepare, te ngongo wetewete kore-parepare, me ngā taura rīpene, i whakaritea mō ngā āhuatanga oneone motuhake.
| Whakatakotoranga/Āhuatanga | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Hanganga Taura | He koti me he pukupuku pakari hei ārai i te urunga o te wai me te kaha ki te whakaheke paru. |
| Tikanga Tāutanga | Tanu tika, kāore he hiahia mō ētahi atu paipa, paepae rānei. |
| Ngā Whakaaroaro Taiao | He ātete ki te waipuke, te wera nui, me ngā āhuarangi kino. |
| Ngā Tikanga Tiaki | He iti ake te tiaki e hiahiatia ana nā te mea he iti ake ngā tūponotanga ki te whakaritea ki ngā tāutanga ā-rangi. |
| Ngā Momo Taura Noa mō te Tanu | Ko te ngongo wetewete ārai, ko te ngongo wetewete kore-ārai, me ngā taura rīpene i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te oneone. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Pumau | He pukupuku rino, he polyethylene kiato-teitei, me ngā paparanga ārai-wai hei pupuri i te pono o te tohu. |
| Te Whai Hua o te Utu | Ka penapena i te 75% o te wā tāutanga me te utu ki te whakataurite ki ngā whakatinanatanga o te paipa hiko, o te rangi rānei. |
Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka pumau te pono mō te wā roa, ā, ka iti hoki te tiaki, ka waiho ngā taura muka whatu tanu tika hei otinga utu-pai mō ngā hanganga tāone.
Ngā Painga mō ngā Hanganga Tāone
Te tanumanga tikangā taura muka whatuHe painga nui tēnei mō ngā taiao tāone. Mā te kaha ki te tuku ipurangi tere-rahi ka whakarei ake i ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka akiaki i te tipu ōhanga me te auahatanga hangarau. Ka pai ake te whai huatanga o ngā mahi a ngā tāone e whakamahi ana i tēnei tikanga tāutanga puta noa i ngā ahumahi, ka pai ake te whakahaere raraunga, ā, ka piki ake te hua.
| Akoranga Take | Ngā Painga |
|---|---|
| Whakapai ake i te Whatunga muka whatu puta noa i te tāone | Ngā tere ipurangi kua whakapaitia, ngā hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kua whakapaitia, te tipu ōhanga |
| Te Whakawhanaketanga Whare Noho | Ipurangi pono, tere hoki, urunga ki ngā hangarau kāinga matatau, uara whare kua piki ake |
| Ngā Taupānga Ahumahi | Te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mahi, te whakahaere raraunga pai ake, te whakapiki ake i te hua, te whakapai ake i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi |
Mā te whakauru i ngā taura muka whatu tanu tika, ka taea e ngā tāone nui te tautoko i ngā hangarau matatau, te whakapai ake i te hononga, me te poipoi i te whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Te Whakamahere me te Whakarite
Te Whakamahere Huarahi me te Ruri Pae
Mā te whakamahere huarahi whai hua ka taea te tāuta i te taura muka whatu tanu tika ki ngā taiao tāone nui. He maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki ngā tohunga ki ngā taputapu mahere me ngā raraunga rangahau matihiko hei whakapai ake i ngā ara taura.Te whai wāhi atu ki ngā tohunga o te roheka whakarato i ngā māramatanga ki ngā paipa me ngā ara o nāianei, ka whakaiti i ngā wero tāutanga. Mā ngā hoahoa taumata-tiketike me ngā hoahoa taumata-iti ka taea te tiro i ngā tahora whatunga me te whakatau tata i ngā utu. Mā ngā haerenga ki te papaanga ka taea e ngā tīma te tautuhi i ngā arai ā-tinana, te aromatawai i te whenua, me te whakapai ake i ngā mahere.
TohutohuMā te mahi tahi wawe me ngā kaiwhakamahere tāone me ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga ka ārai i ngā taupatupatu ki ngā hanganga o nāianei, ā, ka māmā ake te tukanga tāutanga.
Te Aromatawai i ngā Āhua o te Oneone me ngā Taumata o te Ripanga Wai
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te oneone mō te tāutanga taura angitu. Ka pā te hanganga o te oneone ki ngā tikanga keri me ngā paerewa hōhonutanga tanu. Tērā pea me tāpiri he whakapakari mō ngā oneone takatakahi, onepu rānei, engari me whai tikanga keri motuhake mō ngā whenua toka. He mea nui anō hoki te taumata o te papa wai. Me whai paparanga ārai wai ngā taura teitei hei ārai i te pirau o te tohu. He maha ngā wā ka whakahaerehia e ngā miihini ngā whakamātautau oneone me ngā rangahau wai hei whakarite kia rite te momo taura kua whiriwhiria ki ngā āhuatanga taiao.
| Rautaki | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Te Huihuinga Whakaritenga | He mea nui hei mārama ki ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi me te whakataurite i ngā whakaaro hangarau me ngā whakaaro pakihi. |
| Ngā Rangahau Pae | Aromatawai i ngā hanganga ā-tinana me te tautuhi i ngā arai pea kei roto i te rohe e kapi ana. |
| Ngā Rangahau Whaihua | Aromatawai i te whaihuatanga ōhanga me te hangarau o te whatunga kua whakaarohia. |
| Hoahoa Āhuatanga Whatunga | Arotahi ki te ara taura, te pakari, me te aunoatanga mō te mahi tino pai me te pono. |
Te Whakatutukitanga Ture me ngā Whakaaetanga
He mea nui te whakatere i ngā whakaritenga ture i roto i te wāhanga whakarite. He maha ngā wā he aratohu tino pakari ā ngā tāone nui mō ngā whakaurunga o raro whenua hei tiaki i te haumaru o te marea me ngā hanganga o nāianei. Me tiki whakaaetanga ngā tīma mai i ngā mana whakahaere ā-rohe i mua i te tīmatanga o te keri. Ko te whakatutukitanga i ngā ture taiao ka iti ake te pānga ki te taiao. Mā te tuhi i te mahere whakaurunga, tae atu ki ngā tikanga keri me ngā hohonutanga tanu, ka āwhina i te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa ture. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero auau ki ngā whakahaere ture ka whakatairanga i te māramatanga, ā, ka karohia hoki ngā whakaroa kaupapa.
Tukanga Tāutanga
Ngā Tikanga Keri me te Tārai
He mahi nui te keri me te keri i te oneone i roto i tete tāutanga o te taura muka whatu tanu tika. Ko ēnei tukanga he waihanga i tētahi ara ki roto i te whenua hei whakau pūmau i ngā taura. Te whiriwhiri i te mea e tika anatikanga kerie whakawhirinaki ana ki te taiao o te tāone, ki ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, me ngā hanganga o nāianei.
| Tikanga Keri | Whakaahuatanga | Inenga Mahi |
|---|---|---|
| Radar Whakauru Whenua | E tautuhi ana i ngā ratonga me ngā hanganga o raro whenua. | Ka ārai i ngā kino tūpono ki ngā ratonga o nāianei. |
| Te Keri ā-Ringa | Ka hura i ngā ratonga e mōhiotia ana i mua i te keri mīhini. | Ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino o ngā ratonga o nāianei. |
| Ngā Tikanga Tautoko i te Awaawa | Kei roto ko te pari pari, ngā pouaka rua, me te tautoko mō ngā rua hohonu ake i te 1.2m. | Ka whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi, ā, ka ārai i ngā hinganga. |
| Te keri-iti | Ka tapahia he kōhao whaiti i te mata o te rori hei tāutanga taura. | Ka whakaiti i te whakararuraru, ka whakateretere hoki i te whakatinanatanga. |
| Te Whakakīkī i te Whakamuri | Ka whakawhāiti i ngā rauemi i roto i ngā paparanga kāore e neke ake i te 300mm. | Kia rite, kia nui ake rānei te matotoru o te awaawa i tō te oneone taketake. |
Kua piki haere te rongonui o te mahi keri-iti i ngā tāone nui nā te mea he iti noa te whakararuraru i ngā rori, ā, he tere ake hoki te whakatakoto. Heoi, mō ngā whakaurunga hohonu ake, he mea nui ngā tikanga tautoko keri-iti pērā i te tautoko me ngā pouaka keri-iti hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me te ārai i ngā hinganga. He mea nui anō hoki te whakakī-muri tika hei pupuri i te kounga o te keri-iti, hei ārai hoki i te totohu o te whenua a muri ake nei.
TuhipokaMā te whakamahi i te radar poka whenua i mua i te keri ka tino whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kino o ngā ratonga o raro whenua.
Ngā Paerewa Hōhonutanga o te Tāngihanga mō ngā Rohe Tāone
He mea nui te hohonutanga o te taura muka whatu tanu tika ki tōna roa me tōna mahi. E taunaki ana ngā paerewa ahumahi kia rerekē te hohonutanga o te tanu i runga i te taiao me ngā āhuatanga motuhake.
| Momo Taiao | Te Hōhonutanga o te Tāngitanga i Manakohia |
|---|---|
| Ngā Rohe Tāone | 24–36 inihi (60–90 henemita) |
| Ngā Rohe Taiwhenua | 36–48 inihi (90–120 henemita) |
| Ngā Taura kua Tāutahia ki te Paipa | 18–24 inihi (45–60 henemita) |
| I raro i ngā Huarahi/Rērewē | 48+ inihi (120+ henemita) |
| Ngā Rohe e Pāngia Ana e te Hukapapa | I raro i te rārangi huka |
I ngā tāone nui, ka tanumia ngā taura ki te hohonutanga o te 24–36 inihi hei tiaki i a rātou mai i ngā mahi mata whenua pēnei i te hanga whare, te whakapaipai whenua rānei. Mō ngā wāhi kei raro i ngā rori, i ngā rēriwe rānei, me whakatakoto ngā whakaurunga hohonu ake i te 48 inihi hei tu atu i ngā kawenga taumaha me ngā wiri. I ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te huka, me tanumia ngā taura ki raro i te rārangi huka hei ārai i ngā kino e puta mai ana i ngā huringa huka me te rewa.
Mā te piri ki ēnei paerewa ka noho haumaru, ka mahi tonu hoki ngā taura, ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao uaua. Me whai whakaaro hoki ngā kaihangarau ki ngā ture ā-rohe me ngā āhuatanga taiao ina whakatauhia ana te hohonutanga o te tanumanga e tika ana.
Ngā Tikanga Whakatakoto Taura
He mea nui ngā tikanga whakatakotoranga taura whai hua mō te tāutanga angitu o te taura muka whatu tanu tika.Te whakamahere tikame te whakatinanatanga ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino, ā, ka whakarite i te mahi tino pai. Ko ngā paearu e whai ake nei hei ārahi i te tukanga:
- Te Whakamahere TikaMā te mahere taipitopito ka āwhina i te karo i ngā hapa i te wā tāutanga. Mā ngā aromatawai huarahi ka whakarite kia kore he tūponotanga o ngā taura pēnei i ngā mea koi, i ngā ratonga rānei.
- Ngā Taura WhakamātautauMā te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau i mua i te tāutanga me muri i te tāutanga ka manatokohia te kounga me te mahi a ngā taura.
- Te whakatau i te roaMā te ine tika ka ārai i ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te tono taura nui rawa, kāore rānei i te rawaka.
I te wā e whakatakotoria ana ngā taura, me āta whakahaere kia kore ai e piko ki tua atu i tōna whānui piko iti rawa, ka raru pea te kounga o te tohu. Mā ngā taputapu motuhake, pērā i ngā parau taura, ngā keri awa rānei, ka taea te whakahaere i te tukanga me te whakaiti i te mahi ā-ringa. I muri i te whakatakoto i ngā taura, me whakarite e ngā tīma kua tika te tūnga me te taumahatanga hei ārai i ngā raruraru a muri ake nei.
TohutohuMā te whakamahi i ngā tohu, i ngā rīpene whakatūpato rānei i runga ake i ngā taura i te wā e whakakī ana i te whenua, ka āwhina i te tautuhi i tō rātou wāhi i ngā kerihanga a muri ake nei, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā kino tūpono.
Te whakakī me te whakakī oneone
He mea nui te whakakī me te whakakī oneone i roto i te tāutanga o ngā taura muka whatu tanu tika. Mā ēnei tukanga ka pumau, ka roa hoki te hanganga taura mā te tiaki i a ia mai i ngā taumahatanga taiao me ngā taumahatanga miihini. Mā te whakahaere tika ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te taunga whenua a meake nei, ka pā kino pea ki te mahi a te taura, ka arahi rānei ki ngā whakatikatika utu nui.
Te Hiranga o te Whakakī i te Papa
Ko te whakakī anō he whakakī anō i te awaawa i muri i te whakatakotoranga o te taura. He mea nui tēnei mahi hei tiaki i te taura me te whakahoki i te whenua ki tōna āhua taketake. Ko te whiriwhiri i te rauemi whakakī anō he pānga nui ki te roa me te mahi o te taura.
Ko ngā whakaaro matua mō te whakakī anō ko:
- Kōwhiringa RauemiWhakamahia he oneone ma, he kirikiri pai, kāore he mea koi, he paru rānei. Āta karohia ngā rauemi ka kino pea te uhi taura.
- Te whakarārangiWhakakīia te oneone kia rite te tohatoha, kia kore ai hoki e puta he āputaputa.
- Ngā Mahi TiakiWhakatakotoria he rīpene whakatūpato, he tohu rānei ki runga ake i te taura hei whakatūpato i ngā kerikeri o muri mai.
TohutohuMā te whakamahi i te onepu hei paparanga whakakī tuatahi ka noho hei urunga mō te taura, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kino mai i ngā kaha o waho.
Ngā Tikanga Whakakī Oneone
Whai muri i te whakakī anō i te oneone, ka pēhia te oneone kia kore ai he hau. Ka whakanui ake tēnei tukanga i te mātotoru o te oneone, ka whakarato i tētahi taiao pumau mō te taura. Mā te pēhi tika ka ārai i te whenua kia tau, ka tūpono pea te taura ki ngā tūponotanga o waho.
Ko ngā tikanga whakakīkī oneone noa ko:
- Te Whakakī ā-ringaHe pai mō ngā kaupapa iti, mō ngā wāhi iti rānei te urunga atu. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaimahi ngā taputapu ā-ringa hei whakakīkī i te oneone.
- Te Whakakīkī Ā-MīhiniHe pai mō ngā kaupapa nunui. Mā ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā roera wiri, i ngā pereti whakakīkī rānei ka ōrite te matotoru.
- Te Whakakīkī Papa-ā-PapaMā te whakakīkī i te oneone kia kaua e neke atu i te 6 inihi te matotoru ka tino pai te matotoru me te pumau.
| Tikanga Whakakīkī | Te Whakamahinga Pai rawa atu | Ngā Painga |
|---|---|---|
| Te Whakakī ā-ringa | Ngā rua iti, ngā wāhi kuiti rānei | He iti te utu, he ngāwari hoki te whakahaere |
| Te Whakakīkī Ā-Mīhini | Ngā whakaurunga tāone nui | Tere me te tino whai hua |
| Te Whakakīkī Papa-ā-Papa | Ngā momo awaawa katoa | Ka whakarite kia ōrite te matotoru |
Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Whakakī me te Whakakīkī
Mā te piri ki ngā tikanga pai ka angitu ai ngā mahi whakakī me te whakakīkī. Kei roto i ēnei:
- Whakahaere MakukuKia mau tonu te makuku o te oneone kia pai ai te whakakīkī. Tērā pea ka pakaru te oneone maroke, engari ka kore e pumau te oneone nui rawa te makuku.
- WhakamātautauWhakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau kiato hei manatoko kei te tutuki te whakakīkī i ngā paerewa ahumahi.
- Te aroturukiTirohia te papa i ia wā i te wā e whakakīkī ana, me muri hoki i te whakakīkī hei tautuhi me te whakatika i ngā raruraru.
TuhipokaKi te kore e tika te whakakī me te whakakīkī, ka kore e ōrite te mata o te whenua, ka nui ake ngā utu tiaki, ā, ka kino pea te taura.
Mā te whai i ēnei aratohu, ka taea e ngā kaupapa hanganga tāone te whakatutuki i tētahi turanga pumau, pono hoki mō ngā taura muka whatu tanu tika. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te mahi roa, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā raruraru ā muri ake nei.
Te Tiaki me te Tiaki
Te Parenga Ārai me ngā Tiakitanga Tinana
Me tāuta tika ngā taura muka whatu tanuparenga pakarihei whakarite i te pono mō te wā roa. Ka whakaratohia e ngā taura ārai he paparanga tiaki nui mai i ngā kino ā-tinana i puta mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao, ngā mahi hanga, ngā kerihanga tūpono rānei. Kei roto i ēnei taura he ārai maitai, he ārai konumohe rānei e tiaki ana i te matua muka mai i te ahotea o waho, e tiaki ana i te pono o te tohu.
Ka tāpirihia ngā ārai ā-tinana ki te āraitanga ā-pūmau mā te waihanga i ngā ārai hei ārai i te urunga kore mana, i ngā kino tūpono rānei. Ko ngā ārai noa ko:
- Ngā Rīpene Whakatūpato: Whakatakotoria ki runga ake i ngā taura kua tanumia hei whakatūpato i ngā kai keri a meake nei.
- Ngā awa tiakiE whakamahia ana i ngā wāhi he nui te ahotea ā-mīhini, pērā i raro i ngā rori.
- Ngā Tohu TauraKa tāutahia i ngā wā auau hei tohu i te taunga o te taura.
He maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ēnei mahi e ngā kaupapa hanganga tāone hei whakapakari ake i te pakari o ngā whatunga muka whatu. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā taura ārai me ngā ārai ā-tinana ka kore e mutu te tuku raraunga, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu tiaki.
Ngā Tirotiro me te Aroturukitanga Auau
He mea nui ngā tirotiro auau ki te pupuri i te mahi a ngā pūnaha taura muka whatu tanu tika. Mā te aroturuki auau ka taea te tautuhi i ngā raruraru pea i mua i te pikinga ake, kia mōhio aite pono o te whatungaKei roto i ngā mahi tiaki ko ngā tirotiro tirohanga, te whakamātautau tohu, me ngā tirotiro taputapu.
| Mahi Tiaki | Auautanga |
|---|---|
| Tirotiro muka o waho | Ā-tau |
| Tirotiro Hononga | Ā-tau |
| Whakamātautau Whāngai | I ngā wā tirotiro o te whakawhiti hiko kua whakaritea |
| Tirotiro Kāpata Taputapu | Ia hauwhā |
| Tirotiro Hononga Pūoko | I ngā wā kore mahi tiaki |
| Manatoko Taumata Tohu | Ā-tau |
| Whakamātautau Tonutanga | Ā-tau |
| Te Ine i te Ngaronga Hononga | Tau-rua |
| Whakamātautau OTDR | Tau-rua |
| Tirotiro Atanga Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero | Ā-tau |
| Ngā Whakahōutanga Pūmanawa | E ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga |
| Te Tiaki i te Pūtake Raraunga | Ia hauwhā |
| Tārua Whirihoranga | Ia marama |
| Ngā Whakahōunga Haumarutanga | Wā tika |
| Whakahaere Pūkete Kaiwhakamahi | Ā-haurua-tau |
Ka rerekē te auau o ngā tirotiro i runga i te momo mahi me ngā āhuatanga taiao. Hei tauira, ka whakahaerehia ngā tirotiro muka o waho i ia tau, ā, ka whakahaerehia ngā tirotiro kāpata taputapu i ia toru marama. Mā ngā taputapu matatau pēnei i ngā Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) ka taea te whakamātautau tohu tika, kia tino pai ai te mahi.
TohutohuMā te pupuri i ngā tuhinga taipitopito o ngā mahi tirotiro ka āwhina i te aroturuki i te hauora o te pūnaha, ā, ka āwhina hoki i ngā wawaotanga i te wā tika.
Ngā Rautaki Whakatau Rapanga me te Whakatika
Mā ngā rautaki rapurongoā me te whakatika whai hua ka whakaitihia te wā kore mahi, ā, ka whakarite kia pai te whakahaere o ngā whatunga muka whatu. Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā taputapu tātaritanga hei tautuhi i ngā take pēnei i te ngaronga o te tohu, te kino tinana, te whakararuraru hononga rānei. Ko ngā tikanga rapurongoā noa ko:
- Whakamātautau Tohu: Manatoko i te pono o te tuku raraunga.
- Tirotiro Tirohanga: Ka tautuhi i ngā kino ā-tinana ki ngā taura, ki ngā hononga rānei.
- Whakamātautau Tonutanga: Whakaū i te rere o te tohu e kore e mutu.
Ko ngā rautaki whakatika ka whakawhirinaki ki te āhua o te raruraru. Mō ngā pakaru iti, ka whakakapi pea ngā tohunga hangarau i ngā hononga, ka honoa rānei ngā muka whati. Ko ngā take kino, pērā i te pakaru nui o te taura, me whakakapi ngā wāhanga. Mā ngā mahi ārai, tae atu ki ngā tirotiro auau me te tiakitanga ārai, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā whakatikatika nui.
TuhipokaMā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi kounga teitei me te piri ki ngā paerewa ahumahi i te wā tāutanga ka māmā ake te rapurongoā me ngā whakatikatika a meake nei.
Ngā Whakaaroaro Taiao me ngā Whakaaroaro Tāone
Te Whakahaere i ngā Momo Oneone Kanorau
He maha ngā momo oneone kei roto i ngā taiao tāone, ā, he rerekē ngā wero o ia momo mō te tāutanga taura muka whatu tanu tika. Me mahi ngā kaihangarauaromatawai i te hanganga o te oneonehei whakatau i ngā rautaki tāutanga pai rawa atu.
- ukuHe matotoru, he ātete-wai hoki te uku, ka taea e ia te kuru i ngā taura i raro i te pēhanga.
- OneoneAhakoa he tere te mimiti o te onepu, ka ngāwari te nekeneke o te onepu, ka kitea pea ngā taura.
- OmaHe ranunga taurite o te onepu, te paru, me te uku te oneone, ā, he pumau, he pai hoki mō te tanumanga taura.
- Oneone Pōhatu: Tērā pea ka kino ngā taura i te wā e tāuta ana i te oneone kohatu, he uaua ki te keri.
- ParaparaAhakoa he pai, he ātete ki te wai, ka taea te neke me te horoi i te paru.
Hei whakaiti i ēnei wero, ka whakamahia e ngā tīma ngā paipa wai-kore, ka tāpirihia hoki te kirikiri, te onepu rānei hei rerenga wai i ngā oneone koretake. Mā te arahi i ngā taura kia matara atu i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke ka whakaitihia ake ngā mōrearea.
TohutohuMā te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau oneone i mua i te tāutanga ka taea te whiriwhiri i ngā momo taura e tika ana me ngā mahi tiaki.
Te Whakatika i ngā Wero o te Papa Wai
He nui ngā mōrearea o ngā taura muka whatu tanumia i ngā taumata wai teitei, tae atu ki te urunga mai o te wai me te hekenga o te tohu. Me arotake e ngā kaihangarau ngā āhuatanga wai kia taea ai te hoahoa i ngā otinga whai hua.
Ko ngā rautaki ko:
- Te tāuta i ngā taura me ngā paparanga ārai wai kua whakarei ake.
- Te whakamahi i te kirikiri, i te onepu rānei hei whakapai ake i te rerenga wai huri noa i te taura.
- Te karo i ngā ara pāpaku e ngāwari ana ki te waipuke.
I ngā wāhi e piki haere ana te wai i ngā taumata wai, ka whakaratohia he ārai atu mā ngā paipa tiaki. Mā ēnei mahi ka noho tonu ngā taura ki te mahi ahakoa ngā wero o te taiao.
Te Whakaiti i te Pānga ki te Taiao me te Tāone
Me whakataurite te tāutanga taura ki ngā tāone nui i te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga me te tiaki taiao. Ko ngā mahi pumau te kaupapa matua a ngā tīma heiwhakaitihia te whakararuraru.
- Te ara taura hei karo i ngā repo me ngā rauropi tairongo.
- Keria ā-ringa te pakiaka o te rākau hei ārai i te kino.
- Te whakaora i te whenua i muri i te whakaurunga hei pupuri i te taurite o te taiao.
He maha ngā pūrongo whakamahere tāone e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te whakaiti i ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te hanganga. Mā te piri ki ēnei tikanga, ka taea e ngā tāone te whakawhānui ake i ā rātou whatunga muka whatu me te tiaki tonu i ō rātou whenua taiao me ngā whenua tāone.
TuhipokaMā te whakauru i ngā tikanga hoahoa taiao, ehara i te mea ka tiaki noa i te taiao, engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te tautoko a te hapori mō ngā kaupapa hanganga.
Te Whakamātautau me te Whakapūmau Kounga
Ngā Kawa Whakamātautau i mua i te Tāutanga
Mā te whakamātautau i mua i te tāutanga ka whakarite kia tutuki ngā paerewa kounga o ngā taura muka whatu i mua i te whakatinanatanga. Mā ēnei kawa ka manatoko i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-mīhini, me te tuku o ngā taura, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru mahi i te wā e whakahaerehia ana. Mā te whakamātautau i roto i ngā taiao whakahaeretia ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te tautuhi me te whakatika wawe i ngā hapa pea.
| Āhuatanga Whakamātautau | Kaupapa |
|---|---|
| Ngā Āhuatanga Āhuahanga | Aromatawai i te whānui o te matua, te whānui o te uhi, te hapa o te kokonga, me te kore-porowhita. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Tuku (Whakaiti) | Aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga ngaronga tohu o ngā muka whatu kāore he taura. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Tuku (Mararatanga Chromatic) | Ka tātari i te tika o te tuku raraunga i ngā roangaru rerekē. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Tuku (Te Mararatanga Aratau Whakapūtātanga) | Ka tirotiro i te pono o ngā raraunga i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Tuku (Roanga Ngaru Tapahi) | Whakatauhia ai te whānuitanga mahi whai hua o te muka. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Tuku (Ngaronga Piko Makaro o te Muka) | Ka tirotirohia te ngoikoretanga o ngā piko nui hei ārai i te ngaronga o te tohu. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Mīhini | Ka aromatawai i te kaha kume, te whakamātautau ātete, me te mahi ngenge hei whakapumau i te roa. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao o te Muka | Ka whakamātau i te pakari o te ātete ki te makuku me te pāmahana. |
| Te Tohu Paetae Tae | Ka aromatawai i te pumau me te tika o te tae mō te kounga hua ōrite. |
| Ngā Āhuatanga Rauemi | Ka tātari i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te ā-wera mō te whaitake o te tono. |
Mā ēnei whakamātautau ka taea e ngā taura te tu atu ki ngā ahotea taiao me ngā ahotea whakahaere, kia mau ai te pono mō te wā roa.
Whakamātautau Mahi i muri i te tāutanga
Mā te whakamātautau i muri i te tāutanga ka whakamanahia te mahi me te mahinga o te whatunga muka whatu kua tāutahia. Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā taputapu matatau hei ine i te kounga tohu me te tautuhi i ngā raruraru pea. Ko ngā tikanga matua ko:
| Te Tukanga Whakamātautau | Kaupapa |
|---|---|
| Te Whakamātautau Haere Tonu me te Polarity | Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia tika te whakatūnga me te mahi a ngā hononga muka whatu. |
| Whakamātautau Ngaronga Whakaurunga Mutunga-ki-Mutu | Ka ine i te ngaronga katoa o te tohu mā te taura muka whatu kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga. |
| Whakamātautau OTDR | Ka manatoko i te kounga o ngā hononga takitahi i roto i ngā taura roa o waho o te tipu. |
| Te Whakamātautau Mana o te Tuku me te Kaiwhiwhi | Mā te ine i ngā taumata mana ka whakaū kei te tika te mahi a te pūnaha. |
| Te Ine i te Ngaronga Whakauru | He mea nui hei whakatau mēnā kei roto te tipu taura i te tahua ngaro i mua i te whakaae tāutanga. |
Mā ēnei whakamātautau ka whakaūtia kei te tutuki i te whatunga ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, ā, kei te mahi pai hoki.
Te Whakapūmau i te Whakatutukitanga ki ngā Paerewa Ahumahi
Mā te piri ki ngā paerewa ahumahi ka whakarite i te kounga me te pono o ngā whakaurunga muka whatu.Paerewa IEC 61300-3-35He mahi nui tā te hangarau nei ki te pupuri i te ma me te mahi o ngā hononga muka whatu. Ka whakaratohia he paearu whakatauranga mō ngā tirotiro ma, ka whakakore i te whakatau whakaaro takitahi. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga tiwhikete i runga i te momo hononga, te rahi muka, me ngā kāwai hapa, pērā i ngā karawarawa me te poke.
TohutohuMā te whai i ēnei paerewa ka tutukihia ngā whakaritenga, ā, ka whakapakari ake hoki i te roa me te whai huatanga o ngā whatunga muka whatu.
Mā te whakatinana i ngā whakamātautau pakari me te piri ki ngā paearu kua whakatūria, ka taea e ngā kaupapa hanganga tāone te whakatutuki i ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pakari, pono hoki.
Ko te angitu o te tāutanga me te tiaki i te taura muka whatu tanu tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamahere tupato, te whakatinanatanga tika, me te tiaki tonu. Ko ngā mahi matua ko te whakamahere huarahi, te aromatawai oneone, me te piri ki ngā paerewa ahumahi i te wā e keri ana, e whakatakoto ana i te taura, me te whakakī anō. Mā ngā tirotiro auau me ngā mahi tiaki pakari ka whakapakari ake i te pono o te whatunga.
He pai rawa atu ngā painga o tēnei tikanga tāutanga mō ngā hanganga tāone. Nā tōna pakari, tōna utu iti, me tōna kaha ki te tautoko i te tuku raraunga tere-teitei, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā tāone hou. Mēnā ka tāuta tika, ka taea e ēnei taura te whakamahi i ngā whatunga tāone mō ngā tekau tau, e whakamanahia ana e ōna āhuatanga hanga pakari meroa te ora ratonga.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pai ka whakarite i te pono mō te wā roa, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā whakararuraru. Ko Dowell, he kaiārahi pono mō ngā otinga muka whatu, e whakarato ana i ngā aratohu tohunga mō te whakatinanatanga maeneene. Whakapā atu ki a Eric, Kaiwhakahaere o te Tari Tauhokohoko o Tawahi, mō ngā otinga kua whakaritea kia tutuki ai ō hiahia hanganga tāone.
Hono atu ki a Eric i runga iPukamataki te tūhura i ngā otinga muka whatu auaha a Dowell.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te hohonutanga e taunakitia ana mō ngā taura muka whatu tanu tika i ngā tāone nui?
E taunaki ana ngā paerewa ahumahi kia tanumia ngā taura ki te hohonutanga o te 24–36 inihi i roto i ngā taiao tāone. Mā tēnei hohonutanga ka tiakina ngā taura mai i ngā mahi o runga whenua pēnei i te hanga me te whakapaipai whenua, me te whakarite hoki i te pono mō te wā roa.
He aha te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o te oneone ki te tukanga tāutanga?
Ko te hanganga o te oneone te mea e whakatau ana i ngā tikanga keri me te momo taura. Tērā pea me whakapakari ake ngā oneone koretake, engari me whai tikanga keri motuhake ngā whenua toka. Ka whakahaerehia e ngā miihini ngā whakamātautau oneone hei whakataurite i ngā rautaki tāutanga ki ngā āhuatanga taiao.
He aha ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te whakamātautau i ngā taura muka whatu i muri i te tāutanga?
Ka whakamahia e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDR) hei manatoko i te kounga o te hononga me te ine i te ngaronga o te tohu. Mā ngā whakamātautau haere tonu me ngā mita ngaronga whakaurunga ka whakarite kia tutuki te whatunga i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa me te mahi pai.
Me pēhea e whakarei ake ai ngā taura ārai i te tiakitanga mō ngā muka whatu tanumia?
Kei roto i ngā taura ārai he paparanga maitai, he konumohe rānei hei tiaki i te matua muka mai i ngā kino ā-tinana. Ka ārai tēnei hanganga i te pakaru o te tohu i puta mai i te ahotea taiao, i te keri tūpono, i ngā mahi hanga rānei.
He aha te hiranga o te tirotiro auau mō ngā whatunga muka whatu?
Mā ngā tirotiro auau ka kitea wawe ngā raruraru pea, kia kore ai e mutu te tuku raraunga. Ko ngā mahi pēnei i te whakamātautau tohu, te tirotiro tirohanga, me te tiaki taputapu ka whakarei ake i te pono o te whatunga me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakatika.
Wā tuku: Mei-16-2025